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Cruise Control Explained: How It Works, And When You Should Use It

Self-driving cars are becoming increasingly intelligent , but whether they'll ever be ubiquitous and fully capable remains unclear. Tesla notes (for now) that its Full Self Driving Capability is "intended for use with a fully attentive driver, who has their hands on the wheel and is prepared to take over at any moment." For many drivers at present, the automatic functions of their cars are limited to the likes of beeping sensors, flashing displays, and features like cruise control.

Cruise control is a feature provided as standard on a wide range of vehicles; it's one of those functions that some drivers adore and others barely use. While the feature doesn't take over from the driver by any means, it can significantly ease their burden. Essentially, cruise control allows drivers to select an appropriate speed for the road, conditions, and general journey they're currently on, and automatically prevents the vehicle from deviating from that speed.

Experienced drivers, of course, will probably be familiar with the basics of what cruise control does, even if they haven't really used it themselves. Rather more complex than that, though, is the question of exactly how it keeps the vehicle moving at a specific speed. If you've ever wondered how cruise control works, what the pros and cons of using it are, how it's developed since its introduction, and/or when to use it, this is just the piece for you.

The essentials of how cruise control works

Cruise control as we know it today has its roots in the ingenuity of Ralph Teetor. Though he lost his vision following an accident, Teetor rose to become the president of the Society of Automotive Engineers. In that capacity, he used both his passion for auto safety and his extensive experience with other drivers to create the first example of cruise control. In 1950, Teetor held a patent for technology referred to as a "Speed Control Device For Resisting Operation Of The Accelerator," also called the Speedostat, and it worked just as the name implied: the driver could opt for a certain speed by selecting it from the dash, then, through the drive shaft, a piston would provide resisting force on the pedal after arriving at that speed.

The basics of how cruise control functions haven't actually changed very much. Depending on the vehicle model, the input for choosing the desired speed may now be a touchscreen, but the effect is the same: a connected actuator receives the signal from the control device, and, as it runs to the valve for the throttle, is used to control the strength of the force acting on the throttle. Accelerating faster or slower depending on how much faster the inputted speed is, the vehicle will then reach said speed and hold the accelerator in place (though not necessarily physically as Teetor's Speedostat did). This is a mechanically-oriented form of cruise control, but some modern vehicles utilize adaptive cruise control instead.

How is adaptive cruise control different?

The basic concept of cruise control, of course, is centered more around what the specific vehicle is doing, rather than what's on the road around it. Drivers can simply brake as they typically would in response to other drivers, overriding the constant-speed effect of cruise control, which means that autonomy isn't really a factor in cruise control beyond maintaining the speed. Adaptive cruise control like the kind found in some Acura vehicles , however, is a little more sophisticated.

Adaptive cruise control is a feature more able to do exactly that: adapt. This means that while the driver selects the vehicle's cruising speed as before, it is not locked to that speed. Another crucial thing to take into account is the vehicle's distance from others; adaptive or autonomous cruise control adds small and discreet radar systems (inputs situated somewhere near the vehicle's front lights) to the equation to monitor the surrounding area. These radars have ranges from approximately 100 feet to around 600 feet, depending on the vehicle.

A car with ACC will commonly boast small wheel-mounted units that measure its speed, along with a front-mounted one that can determine how far away other vehicles are. The former can adjust how fast your vehicle is moving relative to any motorists ahead, thereby ensuring that you always maintain your selected distance from them. Braking capacity while the system is active differs, but typically, the driver will be alerted to brake heavily if necessary (if a driver ahead does the same for instance).

When cruise control should be used

Some drivers often have the luxury of wide, peaceful, near-empty roads. For others, driving tends to be a commuter's cacophony of traffic jams, honking horns, and slow stop-start-stop-start progress. The experience can differ greatly depending on the time of day and whether it's a weekday or the weekend. The bottom line, though, is that one of these scenarios is a far better fit for cruise control than the other.

Brakes remain operational during the use of cruise control, and engaging them will override the system. This means two things: the driver's attention must still firmly remain on the road as ever (we're not at  level 5 on the autonomous driving scale here) and cruise control has sharply decreased utility in congested areas. By contrast, if you're a driver who frequently takes long-distance trips on open roads, cruise control could be the perfect feature for you. An alert and rested driver is a safe driver, and where longer journeys can compromise those things, cruise control reduces some of that pressure.

Adaptive cruise control, which monitors the ever-changing road ahead continuously via radar or laser, is potentially better equipped to handle congested roads. There's no definitive answer on whether that's the case, however, because this feature is very different from vehicle to vehicle.

Different manufacturers have different cruise control features

Cruise control is a common feature, and adaptive cruise control is becoming increasingly widespread too. The matter of how the two types of cruise control work is a very complex one beyond the basics, though, because different vehicle manufacturers have developed their own unique features for it and implemented the system in different ways.

For example, Audi's Traffic Jam Assist technology can be activated in tandem with its adaptive cruise control, thereby supporting the driver in conditions that aren't optimal for the latter. By means of ultrasonic sensors, radar, and a windshield camera, the vehicle will maintain a consistent distance from the one ahead in traffic while staying oriented on the road. The driver takes full manual controlwhen the congestion clears or Traffic Jam Assist otherwise becomes unsuitable for the situation.

Similarly, select Ford models are among those that offer Intelligent Adaptive Cruise Control, implementing advanced features such as Speed Sign Recognition (which aims to prevent adaptive cruise control users from being caught out by speed limits by adjusting the chosen speed to match them) and Stop-and-Go (limited capacity to stop entirely in response to a vehicle ahead doing the same). As always, drivers should consult their vehicle manual to determine which cruise control features are available and how to use them.

Pros and cons of cruise control and adaptive cruise control

Cruise control can be advantageous for drivers in other ways too. In its capacity to ensure a vehicle remains at a steady speed, where possible, it can boost driving efficiency. According to Natural Resources Canada , varying your speed by around 6 mph every 18 seconds can be 20% more costly in terms of fuel. Cruise control, in a general sense, aims to be as efficient as possible within the parameters the driver provides, which can potentially translate to less fuel being used over time.

This is only the case when driving for longer stretches on wide, clear roads, however. The reason is that there are certain things human drivers are better at than their machine counterparts, and adjusting speed subtly in response to changes in elevation is one of them. Failing to do so can be wasteful. 

On a similar note, Vanderbilt University  found that drivers are more adaptable in their thinking and processing of multiple vehicles and their movements on the road, while cruise control features tend to have a rather narrower focus in terms of the vehicle(s) in front. Cruise control can serve as an invaluable tool for drivers, but isn't infallible. Ensuring that you use it for its intended purpose is the key to best taking advantage of it.

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How Does Electronic Cruise Control Work?

Rostra is the world leader in the design and development of add-on cruise control systems for vehicles equipped with an Electronic Throttle Control - commonly referred to as "drive-by-wire." Our leadership status in the aftermarket cruise control product category is the byproduct of decades of research and development in vehicle testing and software architecture with a focus on passenger vehicles.

Add-on cruise control units for vehicles that are equipped with an Electronic Throttle Control System control the speed of the vehicle through the use of Rostra's custom E-Cruise Module , matched-fit accelerator pedal t-harnesses for a wide variety of vehicles, Onboard Diagnostic (OBD) port interface harnesses, and control switches designed to seamlessly blend into the steering column and dashboard environment.

The E-Cruise Module is the proverbial "brain" of the entire system and with the assistance of the included accelerator pedal interface harness, intercepts the communication between the pedal position sensor and the vehicle' Electronic Control Unit (ECU). Through the use of the included OBD port connector, the E-Cruise Module constantly monitors vehicle speed and loading and instructs the ECU to open or close the electronic throttle actuator to hold a set speed. Once the cruise control functionality is cancelled either by using the Off/Cancel button of the included control switch, depressing the brake pedal or depressing the clutch pedal (for manual transmissions), the E-Cruise Module returns full communication to the accelerator pedal leaving the driver completely in control of manual speed adjustments.

Electronic Cruise Control Layout

Below is a diagram that depicts a typical layout of an electronic cruise control system including the E-Cruise Module , accelerator pedal harness tie-in, OBD II port connector, control switch, and universal clutch disengagement switch (for some M/T vehicles).

Product Development

At Rostra, when we develop an electronic cruise control system, we only design platform-specific applications and only offer vehicle-specific installation kits. While this does result in a multitude of available part numbers, in order to control highway driving speed, cruise control software must issue commands to a vehicle's onboard computer that are unique to each platform via the CAN bus system. Bits of information sent over this network of computers and micro-controllers must contain specific identifying information that cannot be safely created and/or transmitted by so-called "universal" electronic cruise control systems. An extensive effort goes into the design of every Rostra cruise control and includes the following steps:

1. We begin cruise control development by recording data from the vehicle's CAN bus using special software to determine which signals need to be sent to the ECU to control speed.

2. We then need to determine which E-Cruise Module best suites a particular application based on the signal that we need to send to the ECU when cruise control is active.

3. Once a vehicle-specific software package has been created, it is then written to the E-Cruise Module inside of a Faraday cage in order to reduce incidences of outside EMI.

4. Once the loaded software package has been verified in triplicate, we then test drive the vehicle to confirm that cruising speed holds between 31 and 80 MPH with minimal fluctuation.

5. When the cruise control has been determined to be operational within a strict set of parameters, it receives its sign-off from our staff and the control switch is permanently installed.

Click image to enlarge...

Q: How long does it take to create a cruise control system for a specific application?

A: The timing of our cruise control development is generally dependent upon the availability of vehicles for testing in our local market. Normally a new cruise control system takes approximately 4 weeks to deliver after initial testing, creation of our installation instructions, software verification, and final validation on multiple trim levels of the same vehicle model.

Q: Why should I buy an official Rostra cruise control system?

A: At Rostra, the quality control built into our manufacturing processes is a great source of pride for us as a company. Our headquarters in North Carolina is an ISO 9001 certified and TS 16949 compliant manufacturing plant that submits to yearly quality control audits and implements changes based on audit findings. We add innovations to our manufacturing procedures at every chance we get in order to deliver a product on time that is free of defects. Because of this, we are so confident in our products that we offer a 3-year/36,000 mile guarantee.

Q: Are Rostra's cruise control systems developed with DIY-type customers in mind?

A: Due to the sensitive nature of low-voltage vehicle electronics, we always recommend a professional or experienced installer perform the installation of a cruise control system. Many of our installation kits include plug-and-play harnesses, but still require locating a low resistance chassis ground and true 12-volt ignition source for operation. The connections are required to be soldered for secure fitment. Connections that are not soldered can seriously damage the onboard computer.

Q: Why should I not attempt the install of a "universal" electronic cruise control system?

A: To begin with, most "universal" electronic cruise control systems are of suspect origin. Generally these come from obscure overseas suppliers with little to no regard for quality control in manufacturing, and are never actually validated for proper operation on vehicles in the domestic market. Likewise, due to variations in emission control systems and requirements from one country to another, these "universal" systems do not include the requisite software that allows them to properly "talk" to your vehicle's computer. Commands issued to the network from these systems typically flood the onboard computer with malformed data which results in what is known as a "packet collision", or a condition in which the information sent over the network confuses the original equipment computer. This can have the effect of decreasing your gas mileage - the exact opposite of what a cruise control should do - and can even causes delays in vehicle emergency systems.

Q: How should I go about selecting a cruise control manufacturing supplier?

A: The short answer - question everything. Has the company been manufacturing cruise control systems for vehicles equipped with Electronic Throttle Control systems for many, many years? Does the company design every piece of the installation kit including accelerator pedal harnesses, control modules, control switches, and software themselves? Are their items manufactured and tested on vehicles in the United States before sale, or are they purchased in bulk from overseas and distributed wantonly? Do they employ multiple hardware and software engineers to develop these systems? Is technical support provided by the individuals that actually designed the cruise control you purchased? When you call them, can they detail the ways in which the cruise control system interacts with your specific CAN bus system? Do they maintain a quality audited manufacturing plant, or are they precariously assembling these items in their home's garage?

Q: What happens if I am installing a cruise control system and cannot get it to function?

A: We are pleased to offer technical support to anyone who has purchased our products. Our Technical Services department is available Monday-Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. EST to assist. Please note that we do require callers to register for a Technician Identification Number (TIN) before being connected to a representative. Click here to register for your TIN number now! Also, please keep in mind that we have a growing library of installation videos available on our YouTube channel that show in great detail the various steps taken to install a cruise control system.

Q: Where can I find a complete listing of the cruise control system Rostra manufactures?

A: At the top of this webpage, our Vehicle Search will allow you to view the products for a specific car based on its year of manufacture, make, and model. Likewise, you can visit our Global cruise universal cruise control page, our drive-by-wire cruise control page, our custom pedal interface cruise control page, or our custom pedal bypass cruise control page. As always, a listing of our latest cruise control systems is available as a PDF download via our Quick Reference Guide .

Rostra Cruise Control Features

• Improved Operation
• Coast/Reduce Speed
• Resume/ Accel
• Tap-Up, 1 MPH per tap
• Tap-Down, 1 MPH per tap
• Controlled Resume Rate
• Closer, More Accurate Control of Set Speed
• Easier Installation
• All-electronic operation
• Discrete control module
• Custom control switch
• Removable Wiring Harness with Locking Device
• Includes clutch switch wiring
• Automatically acquiresVSS (Vehicle Speed Sensor)
• Self Diagnostic

General Installation Kit Contents (Part Number 250-9507 Pictured)

Cruise Control Installation Video (Part Number 250-9507)

For safety's sake, please remember that a universal electronic cruise control systems cannot provide the same level of safety and convenience that a custom-designed cruise control system can.

Rostra is a leading manufacturer of automotive comfort, safety, and convenience accessories including electronic cruise control systems, vehicle speed limiters, backup camera relocation kits, LED lighting, exterior vehicle camera systems, automotive lumbar supports and seat heaters, driver alert systems, and more.

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Cruise Control In Cars Explained (And How To Safely Use It)

Have you ever wished you could set your car's speed and just sit back and relax while driving on a long stretch of highway? If that's the case, then cruise control is just the ticket you've been searching for—and the good news is, it's a standard feature in most cars these days!

Cruise control is a handy feature for drivers that allows you to maintain a constant speed without having to keep your foot on the gas pedal. In this post, we'll explore how cruise control works, its benefits, and how to use it safely to make your driving experience more comfortable.

Understanding Cruise Control

Cruise control, also known as speed control, is an electronic system that allows you to maintain a specific speed without manually controlling the accelerator pedal. The system uses sensors and electronic components to control the throttle and keep your car moving at a desired speed. First introduced in the late 1950s, cruise control has since become a standard feature in most modern vehicles you see on the road today.

How Does It Work?

At its core, cruise control involves a series of sensors that monitor the vehicle's speed and a control unit that regulates the throttle. When the driver sets the cruise control to a specific speed, the system adjusts the throttle to maintain that speed. If the car begins to slow down because of an incline (e.g. going up a hill), the system will open the throttle to accelerate. Conversely, if the car starts to speed up due to a declin (e.g. going downhill), the system will close the throttle to decelerate.

Modern cruise control systems also come with additional features like adaptive cruise control (ACC), which uses radar or cameras to detect vehicles ahead and automatically adjusts the speed to maintain a safe following distance (more on this BELOW).

The History of Cruise Control

The invention of cruise control can be traced back to the late 1940s and early 1950s, when engineer Ralph Teetor developed the first-speed control system. This innovative feature was designed to help drivers maintain a steady speed, reduce fatigue while driving, and improve fuel efficiency. Over the years, cruise control technology has undergone significant advancements, leading to the development of sophisticated systems like adaptive cruise control.

Types of Cruise Control Systems

Today, drivers can choose from a range of cruise control systems, each with its own unique features and functionalities.

Conventional Cruise Control

Conventional cruise control is like your old reliable friend. It's pretty basic and doesn't have any fancy bells and whistles. You just set the speed you want, and it'll keep your car cruising along at that speed, no problem. It's perfect for those long drives on open highways, but it doesn’t automatically react to other cars on the road.

So, if the car in front of you slows down, you'll need to step in and adjust your speed manually. This trusty system comes standard on most cars and is great for saving some fuel on those long road trips .

Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

Now, if conventional cruise control is your old reliable friend, then Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is like that friend's tech-savvy younger cousin. ACC isn't just maintaining your set speed, it's also keeping an eye on the car in front of you. If that car slows down, ACC slows your car down to keep a safe distance .

It's like having an extra set of eyes on the road, making highway driving a breeze. Plus, some ACC systems can even handle stop-and-go traffic, bringing your car to a full stop and then picking up speed again when traffic gets moving.

Predictive Cruise Control

Predictive Cruise Control is like the fortune teller of cruise control systems. It uses GPS and map data to see into the future and predict what's coming up on the road, like hills or curves, and adjusts your speed accordingly. This means you get a smoother ride and better fuel efficiency, but it all depends on the quality of the GPS and map data. If that's a bit out of date, your fortune-telling cruise control might not be so accurate. It's usually found in more high-end vehicles where top-notch fuel efficiency is a focus for the engineers.

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC)

And then we have Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control, or CACC. This is like the team player of cruise control systems. It allows cars to talk to each other, coordinating their speeds to maintain a safe distance. It's like having a well-coordinated team of cars all working together to make the traffic flow smoother and reduce congestion. Picture it like a synchronized dance on the highway, where every car knows its place and keeps the right distance. This tech is still pretty new, but it's got a lot of potential. Imagine a future where traffic jams could be a thing of the past.

Remember, these systems are here to make your drive smoother and safer, but they're not a replacement for your attention. No matter how fancy your cruise control is, these systems can be greatly influenced by external conditions like weather and traffic, and they should always be used as aids, not replacements, for attentive driving.

Common Cruise Control Symbols and Indicators

Understanding the various symbols and indicators associated with cruise control is important for safe and effective usage. These symbols typically appear on the dashboard (or on the side of the steering wheel) and may include a speedometer icon, "SET," "RES" (resume), and "CANCEL". Be sure to consult your vehicle's owner's manual for specific details and explanations of these symbols.

Benefits of Using Cruise Control

Cruise control offers several benefits to drivers, especially during long road trips or highway driving.

Fuel Efficiency

One of the main advantages of using cruise control is improved fuel efficiency. By maintaining a constant speed, cruise control helps reduce fuel consumption, leading to better gas mileage. Rapid acceleration and deceleration, on the other hand, can lead to increased fuel consumption.

Comfort and Convenience

Cruise control allows drivers to take their foot off the accelerator pedal, reducing fatigue and improving comfort during long drives. It also helps drivers avoid unintentionally exceeding the speed limit by setting a maximum speed.

When used correctly, cruise control can contribute to safer driving. By maintaining a steady speed, it reduces the likelihood of erratic driving behavior and potential accidents. However, it is important to note that cruise control shouldn't be used in certain conditions, such as heavy traffic or slippery roads .

Troubleshooting Common Cruise Control Issues

Occasionally, you may encounter issues with your cruise control systems. Common problems include cruise control not engaging or disengaging unexpectedly. Possible causes may include a faulty brake light switch, malfunctioning sensors, or issues with the control module. If you experience any problems with your cruise control, it's best to have a qualified technician diagnose and repair the issue for you.

Cruise Control and Road Etiquette

Practicing proper road etiquette while using cruise control is essential for a safe and pleasant driving experience. Here are some tips on how to use cruise control courteously:

• Avoid using cruise control in heavy or congested traffic, as it may hinder your ability to react quickly to changing conditions.
• Be mindful of other drivers when setting your speed. Avoid setting a speed that's significantly slower or faster than the flow of traffic.
• If you are in the passing lane and using cruise control, be sure to adjust your speed or temporarily disengage the system to allow faster-moving vehicles to pass.
• Always signal your intentions, such as lane changes or exiting the highway, even when using cruise control.

The Future of Cruise Control Technology

Cruise control technology plays a vital role in the development of autonomous vehicles, or self-driving cars . In autonomous vehicles, cruise control systems work together with other advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to enable the vehicle to operate without direct driver input. These systems include lane-keeping assist, automatic emergency braking, and collision avoidance systems.

As autonomous vehicles become more sophisticated, cruise control technology is evolving to support higher levels of automation. For example, some autonomous vehicles are equipped with advanced cruise control systems that can navigate complex traffic scenarios, merge onto highways, and even change lanes autonomously.

While fully autonomous vehicles are still in the developmental stages, the integration of cruise control technology is a big step toward creating safer and more efficient transportation systems.

As automotive tech continues to advance, cruise control systems are becoming more intelligent and capable. Here are some potential developments we can expect to see in the future of cruise control technology:

• Integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve decision-making and responsiveness in adaptive cruise control systems.
• Enhanced connectivity and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, enabling cars to share information about traffic conditions and coordinate their speeds for smoother traffic flow.
• Greater customization and personalization options, allowing drivers to set preferences for cruise control behavior, such as following distance and speed adjustments.

Overall, the future of cruise control technology holds promise for creating a more seamless and enjoyable driving experience, with a focus on safety, comfort, and sustainability.

Debunking Myths About Cruise Control

Let's address and debunk some common misconceptions about cruise control:

Myth : Cruise control can be used as a substitute for driver attention.

Fact : Cruise control is a driver assistance feature, not a replacement for attentive driving. Drivers should always remain alert and ready to take control when necessary.

Myth : Cruise control increases the risk of accidents.

Fact : When used appropriately, cruise control can contribute to safer driving by maintaining a steady speed and reducing erratic driving behavior.

Cruise control is a valuable feature that can enhance your driving experience by providing comfort, convenience, and fuel efficiency. Remember to use it safely and appropriately based on driving conditions, and always stay attentive while on the road.

If you found this post informative and want to learn more about car features, driving tips, and automotive technology, be sure to subscribe to our newsletter for regular updates. We're here to help you stay informed and enhance your driving experience.

Frequently Asked Questions About Cruise Control

To further enhance your understanding of cruise control, here are answers to some common questions:

Q : Can cruise control be used in all weather conditions?

A : It isn't advisable to use cruise control in adverse weather conditions, such as heavy rain, snow, or icy roads, as it may reduce your ability to respond quickly to changing road conditions.

Q : Can I use cruise control in urban areas with frequent stop-and-go traffic?

A : Cruise control is best suited for open roads and highways with consistent traffic flow. It isn't recommended for use in urban areas with frequent stops or heavy traffic.

Q : Does cruise control work at any speed?

A : Cruise control typically has a minimum speed threshold, below which it can't be engaged. This threshold varies by vehicle, so check your owner's manual for specific information.

About the Author: This article was crafted by the LOOP Marketing Team. Comprising of seasoned professionals with expertise in the insurance industry, our team is dedicated to providing readers with accurate, up-to-date, and valuable information. At LOOP, we're passionate about helping families navigate the world of car insurance, ensuring they get the best coverage at the most affordable rates. Learn more about our mission and values here.

For more insights on auto insurance and other related topics, visit our blog .

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Cruise Control

At Hot Rod Hardware, we offer a specialized selection of cruise control kits, designed for various vehicle types and configurations. Our collection includes cruise control kits for electronic speedometers, cable-driven speedometers with GM transmissions, and GM LS drive-by-wire engines, ensuring a wide range of compatibility and application.

The Dakota Digital Cruise Control kits in our inventory are engineered for precision and ease of use. Whether you have an electronic or cable-driven speedometer, these kits ensure accurate and reliable cruise control functionality, enhancing your driving experience and providing you with optimal control over your vehicle's speed.

For GM LS drive-by-wire engines, explore the Dakota Digital Cruise Control kits with direct VSS or diagnostic port connections. These kits are tailored for GM LS engines, ensuring seamless integration and efficient operation. Additionally, find the Lokar U-Cut-To-Fit Cruise Control Cable for carbureted engines, offering flexibility and reliability in cruise control kit installation.

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What You Need to Know About Cruise Control

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Distinguishing between basic and adaptive cruise control.

They've been equipped on vehicles for many decades, but what does cruise control actually do in a car? Early examples did little more than maintain a selected speed, with the driver then taking over if that speed becomes unsafe for any reason. This reduces fatigue or the likelihood of inadvertently exceeding the speed limit, especially over longer distances. Cruise control is what many Americans demand, owing to our extensive road network.

Modern systems, often termed adaptive cruise control (ACC), are far more advanced. They quite literally 'adapt' to changing traffic conditions. These systems utilize several sensors to automatically keep an appropriate following distance from the preceding car. Without human intervention, the car can slow down or accelerate, accounting for the typical fluctuations in speed that occur in everyday driving.

ACC was once the preserve of luxury sedans, but now it can be found on nearly any SUV and even hard-working trucks.

What’s in a Name - Different Types of Adaptive Cruise Control Systems

Not only are there different kinds of cruise control systems, but depending on the manufacturer, they will have unique names. Below are a few examples of similar systems but with different names:

• BMW's Dynamic Cruise Control or Active Cruise Control
• Cadillac's Super Cruise
• Tesla's Autopilot
• Nissan's Intelligent Cruise Control
• Mercedes-Benz's Active Distance Assist Distronic

So, what is an ACC system from BMW and how does it differ from one made by Audi or Mercedes ? Fundamentally, many of these systems function in exactly the same way and merely carry unique names. In some cases, an aftermarket system can be fitted to a vehicle without standard speed control. If you take this route, make sure that the installation is done by a reputable company.

How Does Modern Cruise Control Work?

Adaptive cruise control is what makes semi-autonomous driving possible. In general, a car with ACC incorporates some combination of radar sensors, lasers, and cameras to identify other vehicles or obstacles in the vicinity. Radar- and laser-based systems both make use of sensors integrated into the vehicle's front fascia. This information is transmitted to the car's mechanical systems, which respond accordingly. That's a cruise control definition in a nutshell.

Notably, a laser-based sensor can struggle during storms or other periods of low visibility. Radar cruise control is used by automakers like Toyota . Another type is binocular computer vision systems, where tiny cameras installed on the back of the rearview mirror can pick up on objects ahead of your car.

Some iterations of a cruise control system will merely alert the driver to take action if a preceding vehicle gets too close. Other systems will take evasive action and brake the car automatically. Modern stop-and-go systems, often termed traffic jam assist, takes the hassle out of navigating rush hour traffic.

In terms of mechanical speed control, an actuator is employed to which a cable is connected. This setup actuates the throttle valve, effectively performing the same job as you would if you depressed the gas pedal with your foot. Another component is the speed control module, effectively the "brains" behind the system that remembers the desired speed.

How to Operate Cruise Control

It's always a good idea to consult your owner's manual for guidance on how to use cruise control. As with many vehicle functions like switching on lights, operating the ventilation system, or even using the indicator, each automaker does things slightly differently. For the most part, the process is the same. You will set your desired speed as well as the gap you'd like to maintain from the preceding vehicle. From there, it's simple. The car does the hard work and will stick to either the chosen speed, the following distance, or both simultaneously.

However, as systems differ, it's important to take some time to acclimatize to your car's specific ACC. Some will only provide minimal braking before we need to intervene, while other cars can stop completely. In both cases, it's important to remain focused on your surroundings. Some vehicles allow you to choose how aggressively the system slows down or picks up speed. At times, you may want to stick to the basic speed control setting when there will be minimal slowing down.

In inclement weather conditions or when it's raining, the sensors can't always operate as effectively. In these conditions, it's advised not to use the ACC. If the feature is not working as you know it should, it's best not to activate it at all.

Before buying a particular model with ACC, it's worth going for an extended test drive to ascertain if the feature improves your driving experience.

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How Cruise Control Systems Work

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Cruise control is an invaluable feature on Ameri­can ­cars. Without cruise control, long road trips would be more tiring, for the driver at least, and those of us suffering from lead-foot syndrome would probably get a lot more speeding tickets.

­Cruise control is far more common on American cars than European cars, because the roads in America are generally bigger and straighter, and destinations are farther apart. With traffic continually increasing, basic cruise control is becoming less useful, but instead of becoming obsolete, cruise control systems are adapting to this new reality -- soon, cars will be equipped with adaptive cruise control, which will allow your ­car to follow the car in front of it while continually adjusting speed to maintain a safe distance.

In this article, we'll learn how a conventional cruise control system works, and then we'll take a look at adaptive cruise control systems that are under development.

What Cruise Control Does

Cruise control acceleration and deceleration, controlling the cruise control, adaptive cruise control.

The cruise control system actually has a lot of functions other than controlling the speed of your car. For instance, the cruise control pictured below can accelerate or decelerate the car by 1 mph with the tap of a button. Hit the button five times to go 5 mph faster. There are also several important safety features -- the cruise control will disengage as soon as you hit the brake pedal, and it won't engage at speeds less than 25 mph (40 kph).

The system pictured below has five buttons: On, Off, Set/Accel, Resume and Coast. It also has a sixth control -- the brake pedal, and if your car has a manual transmission the clutch pedal is also hooked up to the cruise control.

• The on and off buttons don't actually do much. Hitting the on button does not do anything except tell the car that you might be hitting another button soon. The off button turns the cruise control off even if it is engaged. Some cruise controls don't have these buttons; instead, they turn off when the driver hits the brakes, and turn on when the driver hits the set button.
• The set/accel button tells the car to maintain the speed you are currently driving. If you hit the set button at 45 mph, the car will maintain your speed at 45 mph. Holding down the set/accel button will make the car accelerate; and on this car, tapping it once will make the car go 1 mph faster.
• If you recently disengaged the cruise control by hitting the brake pedal, hitting the resume button will command the car to accelerate back to the most recent speed setting.
• Holding down the coast button will cause the car to decelerate, just as if you took your foot completely off the gas. On this car, tapping the coast button once will cause the car to slow down by 1 mph.
• The brake pedal and clutch pedal each have a switch that disengages the cruise control as soon as the pedal is pressed, so you can shut off the cruise control with a light tap on the brake or clutch.

The cruise control system controls the speed of your car the same way you do -- by adjusting the throttle position . But cruise control actuates the throttle valve by a cable connected to an actuator , instead of by pressing a pedal. The throttle valve controls the power and speed of the engine by limiting how much air the engine takes in (see How Fuel Injection Systems Work for more details).

In the picture above, you can see two cables connected to a pivot that moves the throttle valve. One cable comes from the accelerator pedal, and one from the actuator. When the cruise control is engaged, the actuator moves the cable connected to the pivot, which adjusts the throttle; but it also pulls on the cable that is connected to the gas pedal -- this is why your pedal moves up and down when the cruise control is engaged.

Many cars use actuators powered by engine vacuum to open and close the throttle. These systems use a small, electronically-controlled valve to regulate the vacuum in a diaphragm. This works in a similar way to the brake booster , which provides power to your brake system.

The brain of a cruise control system is a small computer that is normally found under the hood or behind the dashboard. It connects to the throttle control seen in the previous section, as well as several sensors. The diagram below shows the inputs and outputs of a typical cruise control system.

A good cruise control system accelerates aggressively to the desired speed without overshooting, and then maintains that speed with little deviation no matter how much weight is in the car, or how steep the hill you drive up. Controlling the speed of a car is a classic application of control system theory . The cruise control system controls the speed of the car by adjusting the throttle position, so it needs sensors to tell it the speed and throttle position. It also needs to monitor the controls so it can tell what the desired speed is and when to disengage.

The most important input is the speed signal; the cruise control system does a lot with this signal. First, let's start with one of the most basic control systems you could have -- a proportional control .

In a proportional control system, the cruise control adjusts the throttle proportional to the error, the error being the difference between the desired speed and the actual speed. So, if the cruise control is set at 60 mph and the car is going 50 mph, the throttle position will be open quite far. When the car is going 55 mph, the throttle position opening will be only half of what it was before. The result is that the closer the car gets to the desired speed, the slower it accelerates. Also, if you were on a steep enough hill, the car might not accelerate at all.

Most cruise control systems use a control scheme called proportional-integral-derivative control (a.k.a. PID control). Don't worry, you don't need to know any calculus to make it through this explanation -- just remember that:

• The integral of speed is distance.
• The derivative of speed is acceleration.

A PID control system uses these three factors -- proportional, integral and derivative, calculating each individually and adding them to get the throttle position.

We've already discussed the proportional factor. The integral factor is based on the time integral of the vehicle speed error . Translation: the difference between the distance your car actually traveled and the distance it would have traveled if it were going at the desired speed, calculated over a set period of time. This factor helps the car deal with hills, and also helps it settle into the correct speed and stay there. Let's say your car starts to go up a hill and slows down. The proportional control increases the throttle a little, but you may still slow down. After a little while, the integral control will start to increase the throttle, opening it more and more, because the longer the car maintains a speed slower than the desired speed, the larger the distance error gets.

Now let's add in the final factor, the derivative . Remember that the derivative of speed is acceleration. This factor helps the cruise control respond quickly to changes, such as hills. If the car starts to slow down, the cruise control can see this acceleration (slowing down and speeding up are both acceleration) before the speed can actually change much, and respond by increasing the throttle position.

Two companies are developing a more advanced cruise control that can automatically adjust a car's speed to maintain a safe following distance. This new technology, called adaptive cruise control , uses forward-looking radar , installed behind the grill of a vehicle, to detect the speed and distance of the vehicle ahead of it.

Adaptive cruise control is similar to conventional cruise control in that it maintains the vehicle's pre-set speed. However, unlike conventional cruise control, this new system can automatically adjust speed in order to maintain a proper distance between vehicles in the same lane. This is achieved through a radar headway sensor , digital signal processor and longitudinal controller . If the lead vehicle slows down, or if another object is detected, the system sends a signal to the engine or braking system to decelerate. Then, when the road is clear, the system will re-accelerate the vehicle back to the set speed.

The 77-GHz Autocruise radar system made by TRW has a forward-looking range of up to 492 feet (150 meters), and operates at vehicle speeds ranging from 18.6 miles per hour (30 kph) to 111 mph (180 kph). Delphi's 76-GHz system can also detect objects as far away as 492 feet, and operates at speeds as low as 20 mph (32 kph).

Adaptive cruise control is just a preview of the technology being developed by both companies. These systems are being enhanced to include collision warning capabilities that will warn drivers through visual and/or audio signals that a collision is imminent and that braking or evasive steering is needed.

For more information on cruise control, check out the links below.

Cruise Control FAQ

How does cruise control work, how does adaptive cruise control work, will adaptive cruise control stop the vehicle, when would you use cruise control, how useful is cruise control, lots more information, related articles.

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Cruise Control: What It Is and How to Use It

How to use cruise control.

The location of the cruise control buttons can vary per car. For your car, check the manufacturer’s manual for the location and specific instructions. To set cruise control, press the ON/OFF button or switch. If you press this button again, it typically turns the system off. The Res + (resume / increase seed) button increases the cruising speed by 1 mph, while the Set – (set speed / reduce speed) button decreases it by 1 mph. To shut off the cruise control, you can press the Cancel button or simply press the brake pedal. [1]

What is cruise control?

Cruise control locks your car’s accelerator at a specific speed, allowing you to take your foot off the pedal and remain at a constant speed. Because it’s so convenient for commuters and drivers who use the highway frequently, cruise control is a feature that generally comes standard on most models of cars. [2]

What is adaptive cruise control?

Adaptive cruise control is very similar to conventional cruise control, only it automatically adjusts the speed of your vehicle depending on how fast the vehicle in front of you is going. It may also reduce your speed around tight curves and adjust to speed limit changes, depending on your car’s technology. [3]

How to set cruise control

Follow these steps when setting the cruise control:

• Evaluate weather conditions: Check for hazardous weather conditions and any oncoming obstacles before applying cruise control.
• Build your speed: The ideal speed for cruise control is between 55 and 70 mph.
• Turn cruise control on: The button is usually on or near your steering wheel.
• Set cruise control: Press another button on your steering wheel and remove your foot from the accelerator.
• Watch the road carefully: You will have a slower reaction time if your foot is off of the brake or accelerator pedal. [1]

How does cruise control work?

Cruise control adjusts the throttle position in your car to control your speed. It does this by a cable connected to an actuator, instead of just by pressing the pedal to adjust the speed. [4]

Cruise control safety tips

Follow these safety tips while using cruise control on the road:

• Use it only on highways: Roads with lower speeds often have traffic lights, turns and other cars that require frequent stops.
• Don’t use it in heavy traffic: If you hit traffic and use the brakes a lot, cruise control isn’t ideal.
• Don’t use it on wet streets: Wet roads are dangerous, and it’s important to keep control of your car and its speed in those conditions.
• Keep your distance from other cars: A set speed could cause you to get dangerously close to other vehicles. Not every car as the distance-monitoring system that adjusts your car’s speed based on what’s in front of you.
• Hover your foot over the brake: Always be prepared to break whenever necessary.
• Be aware of your surroundings: Look out for other cars on the road and stay in your lane. [5]

Cruise control when it’s raining

Avoid using cruise control when the roads are wet . You might not be able to stop as quickly as you’d like when using cruise control. This could lead to dangerous situations and even accidents. Wet roads can affect your car’s ability to maintain a constant speed. There’s even a possibility if you’re using cruise control while it’s raining that your vehicle could hydroplane . [6]

Frequently asked questions about cruise control

Does cruise control save gas.

Cruise control can help you save an average of 7% to 14% on gas. When you don’t use cruise control and constantly press the accelerator and brake pedals, more gas is usually used. Cruise control works best to save gas when driving on flat roads that are free of congestion. [7]

Is cruise control bad for your card?

In general, cruise control isn’t bad for your car. It can actually reduce heavy acceleration and deceleration. It doesn’t damage your car in any way, and the frequent use of it doesn’t affect your vehicle. [8]

Is cruise control safe?

Cruise control is convenient for long stretches of driving and it can keep you from speeding if you set your speed to the correct limit. However, if the road conditions are rainy or snowy, cruise control can be dangerous. To use cruise control safely, it’s best to know when you should and shouldn’t use it. [9]  Using cruise control on the highway makes your driving more predictable to other drivers.  Instead of constantly changing speeds, cars know how fast you’re driving and can follow safely behind you or pass.

When should cruise control not be used?

You shouldn’t use cruise control in the following conditions:

• When the roads are wet and slippery.
• During heavy traffic.
• On hills and winding roads. [9]

[1] “What is cruise control?” kia.com/dm/discover-kia/ask/what-is-cruise-control.html (accessed July 11, 2023).

[2] “How to Use Cruise Control: 7 Specific Things You Need to Know Well,” driving-tests.org/beginner-drivers/how-to-use-cruise-control (accessed July 11, 2023).

[3] “What Is Adaptive Cruise Control? Is It Worth Paying For?” Stefan Ogbac, motortrend.com/features/adaptive-cruise-control (accessed June 2, 2020).

[4] “How Cruise Control Systems Work,” Karim Nice auto.howstuffworks.com/cruise-control.htm (accessed Feb. 9, 2021).

[5] “6 Cruise Control Safety Tips You Should Never Ignore,” Marisol Pereira and Carrie Adkins, getjerry.com/advice/6-cruise-control-safety-tips-you-should-never-ignore-by-marisol-pereira (accessed April 27, 2022).

[6] “How Does the Cruise Control in Cars Work?” mapfreinsurance.com/blog/how-does-cruise-control-in-cars-work (accessed July 11, 2023).

[7] “Does cruise control save gas?” kia.com/dm/discover-kia/ask/does-cruise-control-save-gas.html (accessed July 11, 2023).

[8] “Everything You Need to Know about Cruise Control,” Dave Johnston, mycarmakesnoise.com/electronics/cruise-control-guide (accessed July 11, 2023).

[9] “Is Cruise Control Safe to Use?” kaufmanlawatlanta.com/is-cruise-control-safe-to-use (accessed July 11, 2023).

Disclaimer:

The information included here is designed for informational purposes only. It is not legal, tax, financial or any other sort of advice, nor is it a substitute for such advice. The information may not apply to your specific situation. We have tried to make sure the information is accurate, but it could be outdated or even inaccurate in parts. It is the reader’s responsibility to comply with any applicable local, state or federal regulations. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, its affiliates and their employees make no warranties about the information nor guarantee of results, and they assume no liability in connection with the information provided. Nationwide and the Nationwide N and Eagle are service marks of Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company. © 2024 Nationwide

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Cruise Control Explained – All You Need to Know

Cruise control has come a long way since first invented and patented by Ralph Teetor in 1950, who originally named it the “Speedostat”. Chrysler Corporation was the first manufacturer to offer the groundbreaking mechanism as an option on several of its luxury vehicle models nine years later. Today, cruise control is rapidly becoming the standard on all new vehicles, providing drivers with increased convenience on their daily drive.

As you’re learning how to operate a vehicle , understanding cruise control will help increase your comfort behind the wheel and knowledge of driving.

What is Cruise Control?

Cruise control is an electronic device within your vehicle that controls the speed of your vehicle. It allows the driver to maintain a constant speed of 25 mph without holding their foot on the accelerator. Although the feature has been around for 70 years, automotive manufacturers continue to improve upon the technology to provide drivers with increased comfort, luxury, and convenience whenever they’re behind the wheel.

Different Types of Cruise Control

There are 3 types of cruise control systems.

• Speed Limiter
• Adaptive Cruise Control
• Semi-autonomous Cruise Control

What is a Speed Limiter?

A speed limiter will limit how fast the driver can accelerate behind the wheel. All modern vehicles contain a standard speed limiter capping speed between 120 mph and 180 mph depending to protect the vehicle’s engine and discourage reckless driving. However, an additional limiter can be added as an option in many European-made cars, as well as Tesla, Ford, and Nissan. Drivers are still required to keep their foot on the pedal to keep their vehicle in motion, but will not be able to accelerate past a predefined speed limit.

What is Adaptive Cruise Control?

Adaptive cruise c ontrol uses sensors around the vehicle’s exterior to maintain speed while keeping a safe following distance from the car ahead. The system will slow you down and speed you up as the flow of traffic fluctuates throughout your commute, removing a lot of the stress from daily driving. However, adaptive cruise control may not work well in bad weather or protect you from sudden movements, so you will want to always keep your full attention on the road.

What is Semi-autonomous Cruise Control?

Luxury automakers such as Tesla and Audi are implementing the newest rendition of cruise control on their latest vehicle models – Semi-autonomous Cruise Control. It works largely the same as adaptive cruise control, but assists drivers with lane guidance and steering. There are several variations of semi-autonomous cruise control that include additional convenience features for the driver.

How to Use Cruise Control – 6 Step Guide

These are the steps to using cruise control effectively.

• Observe weather conditions
• Build speed
• Engage cruise control
• Set cruise control
• Watch the road and steer
• Brake to disengage

1 – Observe weather conditions

As mentioned, cruise control may become inconsistent in rainy, snowy, or otherwise hazardous conditions. If you must drive in this situation, it may be a better idea to do so manually. Cruise control works best on a clear day with constant traffic flow.

2 – Build speed

Accelerate to your desired speed as you prepare to activate cruise control. US highways have posted speed limits between 55 mph and 75 mph. Do not attempt to set cruise control when you are traveling over the speed limit.

3 – Engage cruise control

Once you’ve reached your desired speed, engage the cruise control. This step will vary widely based on your vehicle make and model, however, many cruise control settings are accessible from the steering wheel controls. Check your owner’s manual for further information.

4 – Set cruise control

After turning on cruise control, you’ll need to set your desired speed. Many systems set the cruise control at the current speed, while others require you to manually set one. You can increase and decrease this speed as needed without interrupting the mechanism.

5 – Watch the road and steer

Watching the road is essential when cruise control is engaged. Cruise control is not a substitute for a human driver and will require supervision at every step. If you are using a semi-autonomous system, you will not need to steer but will need to keep at least one hand on the wheel for safety measures.

6 – Brake to disengage

When cruise control is no longer needed, or you need to quickly make a maneuver, simply apply pressure to the brakes to disengage the system. Once deactivated, you will be in full control of your vehicle once again.

When NOT to Use Cruise Control

While cruise control is a convenient feature for modern drivers, it is not perfect for all circumstances. In fact, utilizing the system can be quite dangerous if you’re not careful. Be sure not to use cruise control under these conditions.

Heavy Traffic

Heavy, or stop-and-go traffic is not ideal for safely using cruise control. When engaging cruise control on the highway, ensure your lane is clear and there are no vehicles stopping ahead.

Wet or Icy Conditions

You need to be driving slowly while on wet and icy roads. While cruise control keeps a constant, predetermined speed, it takes away a lot of the manual control needed to stay safe when it’s raining or snowing.

City Driving

While driving through the city, you’ll face a number of stop lights and stop signs that will require manual braking. This action will automatically disengage cruise control.

Winding Roads

Winding roads require more attention than straight, flat streets. Cruise control systems, even adaptable cruise control, may not always detect these streets correctly, causing accidents.

Fatigued Driving

Driving while fatigued is never a good idea, but even less so while using cruise control. Utilizing the system may add to your fatigue, as you give your vehicle more control of the journey. If you’re even the least bit tired, you should never turn on cruise control.

As you can see, cruise control is a great way to relieve much of the stress that comes with everyday driving. The constant rate of speed can also drastically improve fuel efficiency for longer drivers. Cruise control has had a positive impact on the driving industry for 70 years and shows no signs of disappearing anytime soon.

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How Adaptive Cruise Control Can Help Keep You More Serene

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In this story

Extra eyes are useful • Cameras serve two purposes • What’s adaptive cruise control? • Reduce impulse to speed • Combat drowsy driving • Not always safer

When I bought a crossover SUV  a little more than five years ago, I wanted cameras in front to help detect obstacles in the road as well as the now-standard backup cameras.

I was fresh off an accident . My previous lower and more compact hatchback had run over a sign on a foggy morning — a sign that some bigger vehicle had knocked off its perch in a median and onto the roadway. I didn’t see it until too late.

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The twisted metal had enough height to impale my oil pan, and I couldn’t drive forward or backward. A groggy driver soon ran into the good Samaritan who had stopped behind me and added a second injury to the rear of my little car that ultimately totaled it. (Neither I nor the nice man was hurt, but I still wince at what happened to his car. I’ve lost his contact information and never thanked him properly.)

A car’s cameras  can have a second use

Those same cameras and sometimes radar and lidar that can warn about debris and stopped vehicles before a driver sees them — known as forward collision warning systems — also make a different kind of cruise control possible than what existed when I was 16. Although automakers use various names, the feature that has trickled down to moderately priced cars in the past five years is generically called adaptive cruise control .

“It can be really helpful for older Americans,” says Abigail Bassett, a journalist who has covered technology and the automotive industry for more than 10 years. “It takes some of the stress of driving in traffic away.”

I’ve long been a lover of stick shifts and hadn’t used a standard cruise control for years. In my return to an automatic transmission car, I didn’t realize I had the new feature until about a year ago. More than 60 percent of the 2023 cars, light trucks, SUVs and vans had adaptive cruise control installed, almost triple from 2017, according to Wards Intelligence, an auto technology research company headquartered in Southfield, Michigan.

At Consumer Reports, Kelly Funkhouser, associate director of vehicle technology, says that 89 percent of the models out last year had adaptive cruise control available. Only the base trim models didn’t offer it.

“If [buyers] end up getting adaptive cruise control, 90 percent of the people report they are using it and they report high satisfaction,” she says. Chances are good that your future new car will have it.

The way you turn the control on varies by vehicle.

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What is adaptive cruise control?

Cruise control makes driving long distances easier, but the more crowded the road, the more often you’ll have to tap the brakes to slow down. Adaptive cruise control uses the sensors in the collision detection system and the automatic emergency braking technology that often accompanies it to scan the road ahead.

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If a driver in front of you is going slower than your set speed, a car with adaptive cruise control will automatically slow down to ensure you stay a safe distance away. When you change lanes or the traffic ahead clears, your car resumes its cruising speed.

The idea is to keep a safe driving distance between you and the vehicle in front, so your car won’t need to use its automatic emergency braking to keep you from a collision. It doesn’t mean you have a self-driving car , but your new car is probably smarter than one you had a decade ago — and certainly smarter than my father’s Oldsmobile, a 2000 Intrigue that I inherited about 15 years ago.

Cruise control reduces the inclination to speed

Adaptive cruise control is useful if you tend to depress the accelerator a little too much, as I found myself doing on a drive alone in 2023 through a flat and sparsely populated part of the Navajo Nation in northeast Arizona. The police officer coming toward me on that two-lane road discovered my lead foot.

Driving down drowsiness

In 2021, 684 people were killed in crashes involving a drowsy driver, representing 1.6 percent of all motor vehicle traffic crash fatalities, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports. Several companies, including Audi, Tesla, Mercedes and Volvo, have systems that will sound an alert if you appear to be dozing off — even with your eyes open.

Surveilling your vehicle, you.  Some systems monitor your vehicle’s movements, factoring in steering wheel angle, lane deviation and the amount of time you’ve been driving. Other systems, like Tesla’s, use cabin-facing cameras to watch you for signs of sleepiness, such as yawns and rapid blinks. If the car thinks you’re drowsy, it will suggest you pull over to grab a cup of coffee or stretch. 

Safety-minded older adults.  Yet older drivers might be the best monitors of their own sleepiness. Data from the National Sleep Foundation noted that only 19 percent of people 65 and older are likely to drive drowsy, compared with 71 percent of drivers age 18 to 29 and 52 percent of 30- to 64-year-olds.

I didn’t want to get into that predicament again. So I found a safe place to pull over, got out my car’s manual and looked for the cruise control instructions. That’s when I discovered my car had adaptive cruise control and I started my experiment with it, following cars that slowed at stoplights in small communities and sped up on the open road for the 300 or so miles to Los Alamos, New Mexico.

I still test it on crowded U.S. 50 into work and congested Interstate 81 in southwest Virginia. And here’s what I’ve learned in 15 months of using adaptive cruise control nearly every time I drive.

My average miles per gallon have increased by about two in the past year because I’m letting the onboard computer do the braking and a lot of the accelerating. But it’s not a substitute for being alert.

My version of adaptive cruise control must be tapped to resume after every stop. Sometimes when rounding corners, it doesn’t see another car soon enough, which causes some white-knuckle moments for my husband when he’s in the passenger seat.

It can approach a stopped car too fast. It won’t brake when a school bus extends its arm on the other side of the road. It doesn’t know the speed limit in a residential area and can’t sense speed bumps.

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Consider it a tool more than a fail-safe

“Everything we’re seeing tells us that partial automation is a convenience feature, like power windows or heated seats, rather than a safety technology,” says President David Harkey of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. His nonprofit educational organization, supported by auto insurers, released a study in July with the Highway Loss Data Institute looking at the crash rates of Nissan Rogues from 2017 to 2019 and BMWs from 2013 to 2017.

Consumer Reports ’ Funkhouser, who has been part of her nonprofit’s vehicle testing program for more than six years, wants to emphasize that all these features — adaptive cruise control, another one called lane centering that keeps your vehicle from drifting, and emergency braking — have more benefits than preventing crashes.

“I sometimes hear the sentiment of ‘Why do I need these fancy features?’ ” she says. “But who doesn’t want a second set of eyes to help you?”

Her concern with the safety features is when someone tries to use them as if they have a self-driving car. With lane centering and adaptive cruise control together, you’re not in control of a lot of driving-related tasks anymore, she says. But you still must pay attention to the road.

“They’re not meant to replace a driver but to make driving easier and less stressful,” Funkhouser says.

Adaptive cruise control and its partners in driver assistance have saved my bacon a couple of times in Washington, most recently when streets around the White House and Capitol were blocked for NATO’s 75th anniversary. Wide rivers of drivers were condensed into one lane, and maneuvering was almost a contact sport. I came out unscathed after a more than two-hour commute, most of it spent in the 2.5 mile stretch between the Potomac River and the office.

C ontributing: Chris Morris and Lexi Pandell

Linda Dono is an executive editor for AARP. Previously, she served as a reporter and editor for USA Today , Gannett News Service and newspapers in four states, including The Cincinnati Enquirer .

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