fullscreen css safari

:fullscreen

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The :fullscreen CSS pseudo-class allows you to select and style any element that is currently in fullscreen mode. You know those times you allow an image or some other element to take up the full screen? Well, we can style elements when they’re in that state and that’s what :fullscreen lets us do.

And, in those cases where more than one element is in fullscreen mode, this selects them all.

Fullscreen mode and the Fullscreen API

Hey, big heads up here. There’s a difference between making your app fullscreen at the OS level and making an element fullscreen. If you switch to your browser’s fullscreen mode ( ⌃ + CMD + F on MacOS, F11 on Windows) and you select an element using :fullscreen , it won’t match that element. Instead, an element matches :fullscreen when it enters fullscreen mode using the Fullscreen API .

So let’s say we want to bring the content inside a <section> element to the center of the viewport when it is in fullscreen mode. We target it with :fullscreen , then style accordingly:

We can select the children of fullscreen elements

Similarly, we can select the children of an element that’s selected in fullscreen mode, say the paragraphs in that <section> element:

Trick: Only style when not in fullscreen mode

And if we want apply styles only when the element is not in fullscreen mode, we can use it alongside the :not pseudo-class:

Browser support

Some older browsers might need a vendor prefix, like :-ms-fullscreen in Internet Explorer 11.

The following demo shows how we can control background of the image element in fullscreen mode. Click the button to toggle fullscreen mode for the image and see the fullscreen styles take effect.

More information

How to leverage the fullscreen api… and style it.

WebKit Features in Safari 16.4

Mar 27, 2023

by Patrick Angle, Marcos Caceres, Razvan Caliman, Jon Davis, Brady Eidson, Timothy Hatcher, Ryosuke Niwa, and Jen Simmons

Web Push on iOS and iPadOS

Improvements for web apps, web components, javascript and webassembly, images, video, and audio, developer tooling, web inspector, safari web extensions, safari content blockers, new restrictions in lockdown mode, more improvements.

Today, we’re thrilled to tell you about the many additions to WebKit that are included in Safari 16.4. This release is packed with 135 new web features and over 280 polish updates. Let’s take a look.

You can experience Safari 16.4 on macOS Ventura , macOS Monterey, macOS Big Sur, iPadOS 16 , and iOS 16 . Update to Safari 16.4 on macOS Monterey or macOS Big Sur by going to System Preferences → Software Update → More info, and choosing to update Safari. Or update on macOS Ventura, iOS or iPadOS, by going to Settings → General → Software Update.

iOS and iPadOS 16.4 add support for Web Push to web apps added to the Home Screen. Web Push makes it possible for web developers to send push notifications to their users through the use of Push API , Notifications API , and Service Workers .

Deeply integrated with iOS and iPadOS, Web Push notifications from web apps work exactly like notifications from other apps. They show on the Lock Screen, in Notification Center, and on a paired Apple Watch. Focus provides ways for users to precisely configure when or where to receive Web Push notifications — putting users firmly in control of the experience. For more details, read Web Push for Web Apps on iOS and iPadOS .

WebKit on iOS and iPadOS 16.4 adds support for the Badging API . It allows web app developers to display an app badge count just like any other app on iOS or iPadOS. Permission for a Home Screen web app to use the Badging API is automatically granted when a user gives permission for notifications.

To support notifications and badging for multiple installs of the same web app, WebKit adds support for the id member of the Web Application Manifest standard. Doing so continues to provide users the convenience of saving multiple copies of a web app, perhaps logged in to different accounts separating work and personal usage — which is especially powerful when combined with the ability to customize Home Screen pages with different sets of apps for each Focus .

iOS and iPadOS 16.4 also add support so that third-party web browsers can offer “Add to Home Screen” in the Share menu. For the details on how browsers can implement support, as well more information about all the improvements to web apps, read Web Push for Web Apps on iOS and iPadOS .

We continue to care deeply about both the needs of a wide-range of web developers and the everyday experience of users. Please keep sending us your ideas and requests . There’s more work to do, and we couldn’t be more excited about where this space is headed.

Web Components is a suite of technologies that together make it possible to create reusable custom HTML elements with encapsulated functionality. Safari 16.4 improves support for Web Components with several powerful new capabilities.

Safari 16.4 adds support Declarative Shadow DOM, allowing developers to define shadow DOM without the use of JavaScript. And it adds support for ElementInternals , providing the basis for improved accessibility for web components, while enabling custom elements to participate in forms alongside built-in form elements.

Also, there’s now support for the Imperative Slot API. Slots define where content goes in the template of a custom element. The Imperative Slot API allows developers to specify the assigned node for a slot element in JavaScript for additional flexibility.

Safari 16.4 adds support for quite a few new CSS properties, values, pseudo-classes and syntaxes. We are proud to be leading the way in several areas to the future of graphic design on the web.

Margin Trim

The margin-trim property can be used to eliminate margins from elements that are abutting their container. For example, imagine we have a section element, and inside it we have content consisting of an h2 headline and several paragraphs. The section is styled as a card, with an off-white background and some padding. Like usual, the headline and paragraphs all have top and bottom margins — which provide space between them. But we actually don’t want a margin above the first headline, or after the last paragraph. Those margins get added to the padding, and create more space than what’s desired.

Often web developers handle this situation by removing the top margin on the headline with h2 { margin-block-start: 0 } and the bottom margin on the last paragraph with p:last-child { margin-block-end: 0 } — and hoping for the best. Problems occur, however, when unexpected content is placed in this box. Maybe another instance starts with an h3 , and no one wrote code to remove the top margin from that h3 . Or a second h2 is written into the text in the middle of the box, and now it’s missing the top margin that it needs.

The margin-trim property allows us to write more robust and flexible code. We can avoid removing margins from individual children, and instead put margin-trim: block on the container.

This communicates to the browser: please trim away any margins that butt up against the container. The rule margin-trim: block trims margins in the block direction, while margin-trim: inline trims margins in the inline direction.

Try this demo for yourself in Safari 16.4 or Safari Technology Preview to see the results.

Safari 16.4 also adds support for the new line height and root line height units, lh and rlh . Now you can set any measurement relative to the line-height. For example, perhaps you’d like to set the margin above and below your paragraphs to match your line-height.

The lh unit references the current line-height of an element, while the rlh unit references the root line height — much like em and rem.

Safari 16.4 adds support for font-size-adjust . This CSS property provides a way to preserve the apparent size and readability of text when different fonts are being used. While a web developer can tell the browser to typeset text using a specific font size, the reality is that different fonts will render as different visual sizes. You can especially see this difference when more than one font is used in a single paragraph. In the following demo , the body text is set with a serif font, while the code is typeset in a monospace font — and they do not look to be the same size. The resulting differences in x-height can be quite disruptive to reading. The demo also provides a range of font fallback options for different operating systems, which introduces even more complexity. Sometimes the monospace font is bigger than the body text, and other times it’s smaller, depending on which font family is actually used. The font-size-adjust property gives web developers a solution to this problem. In this case, we simply write code { font-size-adjust: 0.47; } to ask the browser to adjust the size of the code font to match the actual glyph size of the body font.

To round out support for the font size keywords, font-size: xxx-large is now supported in Safari 16.4.

Pseudo-classes

Safari 16.4 also adds support for several new pseudo-classes. Targeting a particular text direction, the :dir() pseudo-class lets you define styles depending on whether the language’s script flows ltr (left-to-right) or rtl ( right-to-left ). For example, perhaps you want to rotate a logo image a bit to the left or right, depending on the text direction:

Along with unprefixing the Fullscreen API (see below), the CSS :fullscreen pseudo-class is also now unprefixed. And in Safari 16.4, the :modal pseudo-class also matches fullscreen elements.

Safari 16.4 adds :has() support for the :lang pseudo-class, making it possible to style any part of a page when a particular language is being used on that page. In addition, the following media pseudo-classes now work dynamically inside of :has() , opening up a world of possibilities for styling when audio and video are in different states of being played or manipulated — :playing , :paused , :seeking , :buffering , :stalled , :picture-in-picture , :volume-locked , and :muted . To learn more about :has() , read Using :has() as a CSS Parent Selector and much more .

Safari 16.4 adds support for Relative Color Syntax. It provides a way to specify a color value in a much more dynamic fashion. Perhaps you want to use a hexadecimal value for blue, but make that color translucent — passing it into the hsl color space to do the calculation.

Or maybe you want to define a color as a variable, and then adjust that color using a mathematical formula in the lch color space, telling it to cut the lightness ( l ) in half with calc(l / 2) , while keeping the chroma ( c ) and hue ( h ) the same.

Relative Color Syntax is powerful. Originally appearing in Safari Technology Preview 122 in Feb 2021, we’ve been waiting for the CSS Working Group to complete its work so we could ship. There isn’t documentation on MDN or Can I Use about Relative Color Syntax yet, but likely will be soon. Meanwhile the Color 5 specification is the place to learn all about it.

Last December, Safari 16.2 added support for color-mix() . Another new way to specify a color value, the functional notation of color-mix makes it possible to tell a browser to mix two different colors together, using a certain color space .

Safari 16.4 adds support for using currentColor with color-mix() . For example, let’s say we want to grab whatever the current text color might be, and mix 50% of it with white to use as a hover color. And we want the mathematical calculations of the mixing to happen in the oklab color space. We can do exactly that with:

Safari 16.2 also added support for Gradient Interpolation Color Spaces last December. It allows the interpolation math of gradients — the method of determining intermediate color values — to happen across different color spaces. This illustration shows the differences between the default sRGB interpolation compared to interpolation in lab and lch color spaces:

Safari 16.4 adds support for the new system color keywords . Think of them as variables which represent the default colors established by the user, browser, or OS — defaults that change depending on whether the system is set to light mode, dark mode, high contrast mode, etc. For instance, Canvas represents the current default background color of the HTML page. Use system color keywords just like other named colors in CSS. For example, h4 { color: FieldText; } will style h4 headlines to match the default color of text inside form fields. When a user switches from light to dark mode, the h4 color will automatically change as well. Find the full list of system colors in CSS Color level 4 .

Media Queries Syntax Improvements

Safari 16.4 adds support for the syntax improvements from Media Queries level 4. Range syntax provides an alternative way to write out a range of values for width or height. For example, if you want to define styles that are applied when the browser viewport is between 400 and 900 pixels wide, in the original Media Query syntax, you would have written:

Now with the new syntax from Media Queries level 4, you can instead write:

This is the same range syntax that’s been part of Container Queries from its beginning, which shipped in Safari 16.0 .

Media Queries level 4 also brings more understandable syntax for combining queries using boolean logic with and , not , and or . For example:

Can instead be greatly simplified as:

Or, along with the range syntax changes, as:

Custom Properties

Safari 16.4 adds support for CSS Properties and Values API with support for the @property at-rule. It greatly extends the capabilities of CSS variables by allowing developers to specify the syntax of the variable, the inheritance behavior, and the variable initial value — similar to how browser engines define CSS properties.

With @property support, developers can to do things in CSS that were impossible before, like animate gradients or specific parts of transforms.

Web Animations

Safari 16.4 includes some additional improvements for web animations. You can animate custom properties. Animating the blending of mismatched filter lists is now supported. And Safari now supports KeyframeEffect.iterationComposite .

Outline + Border Radius

Until now, if a web developer styled an element that had an outline with a custom outline-style , and that element had curved corners, the outline would not follow the curve in Safari. Now in Safari 16.4, outline always follows the curve of border-radius .

CSS Typed OM

Safari 16.4 adds support for CSS Typed OM , which can be used to expose CSS values as typed JavaScript objects. Input validation for CSSColorValues is also supported as part of CSS Typed OM. Support for Constructible and Adoptable CSSStyleSheet objects also comes to Safari 16.4.

Safari 16.4 now supports lazy loading iframes with loading="lazy" . You might put it on a video embed iframe, for example , to let the browser know if this element is offscreen, it doesn’t need to load until the user is about to scroll it into view.

By the way, you should always include the height and width attributes on iframes, so browsers can reserve space in the layout for it before the iframe has loaded. If you resize the iframe with CSS, be sure to define both width and height in your CSS. You can also use the aspect-ratio property to make sure an iframe keeps it’s shape as it’s resized by CSS.

Now in Safari 16.4, a gray line no longer appears to mark the space where a lazy-loaded image will appear once it’s been loaded.

Safari 16.4 also includes two improvements for <input type="file"> . Now a thumbnail of a selected file will appear on macOS. And the cancel event is supported.

Safari 16.4 brings a number of useful new additions for developers in JavaScript and WebAssembly.

RegExp Lookbehind makes it possible to write Regular Expressions that check what’s before your regexp match. For example, match patterns like (?<=foo)bar matches bar only when there is a foo before it. It works for both positive and negative lookbehind.

JavaScript Import Maps give web developers the same sort of versioned file mapping used in other module systems, without the need for a build step.

Growable SharedArrayBuffer provided a more efficient mechanism for growing an existing buffer for generic raw binary data. And resizable ArrayBuffer allows for resizing of a byte array in JavaScript.

In WebAssembly, we’ve added support for 128-bit SIMD.

Safari 16.4 also includes:

• Array.fromAsync
• Array#group and Array#groupToMap
• Atomics.waitAsync
• import.meta.resolve()
• Intl.DurationFormat
• String#isWellFormed and String#toWellFormed
• class static initialization blocks
• Symbols in WeakMap and WeakSet

Safari 16.4 adds support for quite a few new Web API. We prioritized the features you’ve told us you need most.

Offscreen Canvas

When using Canvas, the rendering, animation, and user interaction usually happens on the main execution thread of a web application. Offscreen Canvas provides a canvas that can be rendered off screen, decoupling the DOM and the Canvas API so that the <canvas> element is no longer entirely dependent on the DOM. Rendering can now also be transferred to a worker context, allowing developers to run tasks in a separate thread and avoid heavy work on the main thread that can negatively impact the user experience. The combination of DOM-independent operations and rendering of the main thread can provide a significantly better experience for users, especially on low-power devices. In Safari 16.4 we’ve added Offscreen Canvas support for 2D operations. Support for 3D in Offscreen Canvas is in development.

Fullscreen API

Safari 16.4 now supports the updated and unprefixed Fullscreen API on macOS and iPadOS. Fullscreen API provides a way to present a DOM element’s content so that it fills the user’s entire screen, and to exit fullscreen mode once it’s unneeded. The user is given control over exiting fullscreen mode through various mechanisms, include pressing the ‘Esc’ key on the keyboard, or performing a downwards gesture on touch-enabled devices. This ensures that the user always has the ability to exit fullscreen whenever they desire, preserving their control over the browsing experience.

Screen Orientation API

Along with the Fullscreen API we’ve added preliminary support for Screen Orientation API in Safari 16.4, including:

• ScreenOrientation.prototype.type returns the screen’s current orientation.
• ScreenOrientation.prototype.angle returns the screen’s current orientation angle.
• ScreenOrientation.prototype.onchange event handler, which fires whenever the screen changes orientation.

Support for the lock() and unlock() methods remain experimental features for the time being. If you’d like to try them out, you can enable them in the Settings app on iOS and iPadOS 16.4 via Safari → Advanced → Experimental Features → Screen Orientation API (Locking / Unlocking).

Screen Wake Lock API

The Screen Wake Lock API provides a mechanism to prevent devices from dimming or locking the screen. The API is useful for any application that requires the screen to stay on for an extended period of time to provide uninterrupted user experience, such as a cooking site, or for displaying a QR code.

User Activation API

User Activation API provides web developers with a means to check whether a user meaningfully interacted with a web page. This is useful as some APIs require meaningful “user activation”, such as, a click or touch, before they can be used. Because user activation is based on a timer, the API can be used to check if document currently has user activation as otherwise a call to an API would fail. Read The User Activation API for more details and usage examples.

WebGL Canvas Wide Gamut Color

WebGL canvas now supports the display-p3 wide-gamut color space. To learn more about color space support, read Improving Color on the Web , Wide Gamut Color in CSS with Display-P3 , and Wide Gamut 2D Graphics using HTML Canvas .

Compression Streams API

Compression Streams API allows for compressing and decompressing streams of data in directly in the browser, reducing the need for a third-party JavaScript compression library. This is handy if you need to “gzip” a stream of data to send to a server or to save on the user’s device.

Safari 16.4 also includes many other new Web API features, including:

• Reporting API
• Notification API in dedicated workers
• Permissions API for dedicated workers
• Service Workers and Shared Workers to the Permissions API
• gamepad.vibrationActuator
• A submitter parameter in the FormData constructor
• COEP violation reporting
• COOP/COEP navigation violation reporting
• Fetch Initiator
• Fetch Metadata Request Headers
• importing compressed EC keys in WebCrypto
• loading scripts for nested workers
• non-autofill credential type for the autocomplete attribute
• revoking Blob URLs across same-origin contexts
• isComposing attribute on InputEvent
• termination of nested workers
• transfer size metrics for first parties in ServerTiming and PerformanceResourceTiming
• KeyframeEffect.iterationComposite
• WEBGL_clip_cull_distance

Last fall, Safari 16 brought support for AVIF images to iOS 16, iPadOS 16 and macOS Ventura. Now with Safari 16.4, AVIF is also supported on macOS Monterey and macOS Big Sur. Updates to our AVIF implementation ensure animated images and images with film grain (noise synthesis) are now fully supported, and that AVIF works inside the <picture> element. We’ve also updated our AVIF implementation to be more lenient in accepting and displaying images that don’t properly conform to the AVIF standard.

Safari 16.4 adds support for the video portion of Web Codecs API . This gives web developers complete control over how media is processed by providing low-level access to the individual frames of a video stream. It’s especially useful for applications that do video editing, video conferencing, or other real-time processing of video.

Media features new to Safari 16.4 also include:

• Improvements to audio quality for web video conferencing
• Support for a subset of the AudioSession Web API
• Support for AVCapture virtual cameras
• Support for inbound rtp trackIdentifier stat field
• Support for VTT-based extended audio descriptions
• Support to allow a site to provide an “alternate” URL to be used during AirPlay

WKPreferences , used by WKWebView on iOS and iPadOS 16.4, adds a new shouldPrintBackgrounds API that allows clients to opt-in to including a pages’s background when printing.

Inspectable WebKit and JavaScriptCore API

Across all platforms supporting WKWebView or JSContext , a new property is available called isInspectable ( inspectable in Objective-C) on macOS 13.4 and iOS, iPadOS, and tvOS 16.4. It defaults to false , and you can set it to true to opt-in to content being inspectable using Web Inspector, even in release builds of apps.

When an app has enabled inspection, it can be inspected from Safari’s Develop menu in the submenu for either the current computer or an attached device. For iOS and iPadOS, you must also have enabled Web Inspector in the Settings app under Safari > Advanced > Web Inspector .

To learn more, read Enabling the Inspection of Web Content in Apps .

When automating Safari 16.4 with safaridriver , we now supports commands for getting elements inside shadow roots, as well as accessibility commands for getting the computed role and label of elements. When adding a cookie with safaridriver , the SameSite attribute is now supported. Improvements have also been made to performing keyboard actions, including better support for modifier keys behind held and support for typing characters represented by multiple code points, including emoji. These improvements make writing cross-browser tests for your website even easier.

Typography Tooling

Web Inspector in Safari 16.4 adds new typography inspection capabilities in the Fonts details sidebar of the Elements Tab.

Warnings are now shown for synthesized bold and oblique when the rendering engine has to generate these styles for a font that doesn’t provide a suitable style. This may be an indicator that the font file for a declared @font-face was not loaded. Or it may be that the specific value for font-weight or font-style isn’t supported by the used font.

A variable font is a font format that contains instructions on how to generate, from a single file, multiple style variations, such as weight, stretch, slant, optical sizing, and others. Some variable fonts allow for a lot of fine-tuning of their appearance, like the stroke thickness, the ascender height or descender depth, and even the curves or roundness of particular glyphs. These characteristics are expressed as variation axes and they each have a custom value range defined by the type designer.

The Fonts details sidebar now provides interactive controls to adjust values of variation axes exposed by a variable font and see the results live on the inspected page allowing you to get the font style that’s exactly right for you.

Tooling for Conditionals in CSS

The controls under the new User Preference Overrides popover in the Elements Tab allow you to emulate the states of media features like prefers-reduced-motion and prefers-contrast to ensure that the web content you create adapts to the user’s needs. The toggle to emulate the states of prefers-color-scheme , which was previously a standalone button, has moved to this new popover.

The Styles panel of the Elements Tab now allows editing the condition text for @media , @container and @supports CSS rules. This allows you to make adjustments in-context and immediately see the results on the inspected page. Here’s a quick tip: edit the condition of @supports to its inverse, like @supports not (display: grid) , to quickly check your progressive enhancement approach to styling and layout.

Badging HTML Elements

New badges for elements in the DOM tree of the Elements Tab join the existing badges for Grid and Flex containers. The new Scroll badge calls out scrollable elements, and the new Events badge provides quick access to the event listeners associated with the element when clicked. And a new Badges toolbar item makes it easy to show just the badges you are interested in and hide others.

Changes to Web Inspector in Safari 16.4 also include:

• Elements Tab: Improved visual hierarchy of the Layout sidebar.
• Elements Tab: Added support for nodes that aren’t visible on the page to appear dimmed in the DOM tree.
• Console Tab: Added support for console snippets.
• Sources Tab: Added showing relevant special breakpoints in the Pause Reason section.
• Sources Tab: Added support for inline breakpoints.
• Sources Tab: Added support for symbolic breakpoints
• Network Tab: Added a Path column.
• Network Tab: Added alphabetic sorting of headers.
• Network Tab: Added support for per-page network throttling.
• Network Tab: Added using the Shift key to highlight the initiator or initiated resources.
• Graphics Tab: Added OpenGL object IDs in the Canvas inspector.
• Settings Tab: Added a setting to turn off dimming nodes that aren’t visible on the page.
• Added support for function breakpoints and tracepoints.

Enhancements to Declarative Net Request

Safari is always working on improving support for declarativeNetRequest , the declarative way for web extensions to block and modify network requests. In Safari 16.4, several enhancements have been added to the API:

• The declarativeNetRequest.setExtensionActionOptions API can be used to configure whether to automatically display the action count (number of blocked loads, etc.) as the extension’s badge text.
• The modifyHeaders action type has been added to rewrite request and response headers. This action requires granted website permissions for the affected domains and the declarativeNetRequestWithHostAccess permission in the manifest.
• The redirect action type now requires the declarativeNetRequestWithHostAccess permission in the manifest.
• The MAX_NUMBER_OF_DYNAMIC_AND_SESSION_RULES property has been added to check the maximum number of combined dynamic and session rules an extension can add. The current limit is set at 5,000 rules.

These enhancements give developers more options to customize their content blocking extensions and provide users with better privacy protection.

SVG Icon Support in Web Extensions

Safari 16.4 now supports SVG images as extension and action icons, giving developers more options for creating high-quality extensions. This support brings Safari in line with Firefox, allowing for consistent experiences across platforms. The ability to scale vector icons appropriately for any device means developers no longer need multiple sizes, simplifying the process of creating polished and professional-looking extensions.

Dynamic Content Scripts

Safari 16.4 introduces support for the new scripting.registerContentScript API, which enables developers to create dynamic content scripts that can be registered, updated, or removed programmatically. This API augments the static content scripts declared in the extension manifest, providing developers with more flexibility in managing content scripts and enabling them to create more advanced features for their extensions.

Toggle Reader Mode

The tabs.toggleReaderMode API has been added to Safari 16.4, which enables extensions to toggle Reader Mode for any tab. This function is particularly useful for extensions that want to enhance the user’s browsing experience by allowing them to focus on the content they want to read. By using this API, developers can create extensions that automate the process of enabling Reader Mode for articles, making it easier and more convenient for users to read online content.

Session Storage

The storage.session API, now supported in Safari 16.4, enables extensions to store data in memory for the duration of the browser session, making it a useful tool for storing data that takes a long time to compute or is needed quickly between non-persistent background page loads. This API is particularly useful for storing sensitive or security-related data, such as decryption keys or authentication tokens, that would be inappropriate to store in local storage. The session storage area is not persisted to disk and is cleared when Safari quits, providing enhanced security and privacy for users.

Background Modules

Developers can now take advantage of modules in background service workers and pages by setting "type": "module" in the background section of the manifest. This allows for more organized and maintainable extension code, making it easier to manage complex codebases. By setting this option, background scripts will be loaded as ES modules, enabling the use of import statements to load dependencies and use the latest JavaScript language features.

Safari 16.4 has added support for :has() selectors in Safari Content Blocker rules. This is a powerful new addition to the declarative content blocking capabilities of Safari, as it allows developers to select and hide parent elements that contain certain child elements. Its inclusion in Safari Content Blocker rules opens up a whole new range of possibilities for content blocking. Now developers can create more nuanced and precise rules that can target specific parts of a web page, making it easier to block unwanted content while preserving the user’s browsing experience. This is yet another example of Safari’s commitment to providing a secure and private browsing experience for its users while also offering developers the tools they need to create innovative and effective extensions.

Lockdown Mode is an optional, extreme protection that’s designed for the very few individuals who, because of who they are or what they do, might be personally targeted by some of the most sophisticated digital threats. Most people are never targeted by attacks of this nature.

If a user chooses to enable Lockdown mode on iOS 16.4, iPadOS 16.4, or macOS Ventura 13.3, Safari will now:

• Disable binary fonts in the CSS Font Loading API
• Disable Cache API
• Disable CacheStorage API
• Disable ServiceWorkers
• Disable SVG fonts
• Disable the WebLocks API
• Disable WebSpeech API

Safari 16.4 now supports dark mode for plain text files. It has support for smooth key-driven scrolling on macOS. And it adds prevention of redirects to data: or about: URLs.

In addition to the 135 new features, WebKit for Safari 16.4 includes an incredible amount work polishing existing features. We’ve heard from you that you want to know more about the many fixes going into each release of Safari. We’ve done our best to list everything that might be of interest to developers, in this case, 280 of those improvements:

• Fixed -webkit-mask-box-image: initial to set the correct initial value.
• Fixed -webkit-radial-gradient parsing accidentally treating several mandatory commas as optional.
• Fixed ::placeholder to not support writing-mode , direction , or text-orientation.
• Fixed @supports to not work if not , or , or and isn’t followed by a space.
• Fixed background-repeat not getting correctly exposed through inline styles.
• Fixed baseline-shift to allow length or percentage, but not numbers.
• Fixed contain: inline-size for replaced elements.
• Fixed CSSPerspective.toMatrix() to throw a TypeError if its length is incompatible with the px unit.
• Fixed cx , cy , x , and y CSS properties to allow length or percentage, but not numbers.
• Fixed filter: blur on an absolutely positioned image losing overflow: hidden .
• Fixed font-face to accept ranges in reverse order, and reverse them for computed styles.
• Fixed font-style: oblique must allow angles equal to 90deg or -90deg.
• Fixed font-style: oblique with calc() to allow out-of-range angles and clamp them for computed style.
• Fixed font-weight to clamp to 1 as a minimum.
• Fixed font shorthand to reject out-of-range angles for font-style .
• Fixed font shorthand to reset more longhand properties.
• Fixed overflow-x: clip causing a sibling image to not load.
• Fixed overflow: clip not working on SVG elements.
• Fixed stroke-dasharray parsing to align with standards.
• Fixed stroke-width and stroke-dashoffset parsing to align with standards.
• Fixed text-decoration-thickness property not repainting when changed.
• Fixed allowing calc() that combines percentages and lengths for line-height .
• Fixed an issue where using box-sizing: border-box causes the calculated aspect-ratio to create negative content sizes.
• Fixed an issue with a monospace font on a parent causing children with a sans-serif font using rem or rlh units to grow to a larger size.
• Fixed behavior of cursor: auto over links.
• Fixed buttons with auto width and height to not set intrinsic margins.
• Fixed calculating block size to use the correct box-sizing with aspect ratio.
• Fixed cells overflowing their contents when a table cell has inline children which change writing-mode .
• Fixed clipping perspective calc() values to 0.
• Fixed font shorthand to not reject values that happen to have CSS-wide keywords as non-first identifiers in a font family name.
• Fixed hit testing for double-click selection on overflowing inline content.
• Fixed honoring the content block size minimum for a <fieldset> element with aspect-ratio applied.
• Fixed incorrectly positioned line break in contenteditable with tabs.
• Fixed invalidation for class names within :nth-child() selector lists.
• Fixed omitting the normal value for line-height from the font shorthand in the specified style, not just the computed style.
• Fixed pseudo-elements to not be treated as ASCII case-insensitive.
• Fixed rejecting a selector argument for :nth-of-type or :nth-last-of-type .
• Fixed serialization order for contain .
• Fixed strings not wrapped at zero width spaces when word-break: keep-all is set.
• Fixed supporting <string> as an unprefixed keyframe name.
• Fixed the :has() pseudo-selector parsing to be unforgiving.
• Fixed the font-face src descriptor format to allow only specified formats, others are a parse error.
• Fixed the tz component not accounting for zoom when creating a matrix3d () value.
• Fixed the computed value for stroke-dasharray to be in px .
• Fixed the effect of the writing-mode property not getting removed when the property is removed from the root element.
• Fixed the position of text-shadow used with text-combine-upright .
• Fixed the title of a style element with an invalid type to never be added to preferred stylesheet set.
• Fixed the transferred min/max sizes to be constrained by defined sizes for aspect ratio.
• Fixed the user-agent stylesheet to align hidden elements, abbr , acronym , marquee , and fieldset with HTML specifications.
• Fixed to always use percentages for computed values of font-stretch , never keywords.
• Fixed to not require whitespace between of and the selector list in :nth-child or :nth-last-child .
• Fixed CSS.supports returning false for custom properties.
• Fixed CSS.supports whitespace handling with !important .
• Fixed forgiving selectors to not be reported as supported with CSS.supports("selector(...)") .
• Fixed getComputedStyle() to return a function list for the transform property.
• Fixed linear-gradient keyword values not getting converted to their rgb() equivalents for getComputedStyle() .

Content Security Policy

• Fixed updating the Content Security Policy when a new header is sent as part of a 304 response.
• Fixed <input type="submit"> , <input type="reset">, and <input type="button"> to honor font-size , padding , height , and work with multi-line values.
• Fixed firing the change event for <input type="file"> when a different file with the same name is selected.
• Fixed preventing a disabled <fieldset> element from getting focus.
• Fixed the :out-of-range pseudo class matching for empty input[type=number] .
• Fixed Array.prototype.indexOf constant-folding to account for a non-numeric index.
• Fixed Intl.NumberFormat useGrouping handling to match updated specs.
• Fixed Intl.NumberFormat ignoring maximumFractionDigits with compact notation.
• Fixed String.prototype.includes incorrectly returning false when the string is empty and the position is past end of the string.
• Fixed toLocaleLowerCase and toLocaleUpperCase to throw an exception on an empty string.
• Fixed aligning the parsing of <body link vlink alink> to follow standards.
• Fixed <legend> to accept more display property values than display: block .

Intelligent Tracking Prevention

• Fixed user initiated cross-domain link navigations getting counted as Top Frame Redirects.
• Fixed some display issues with HDR AVIF images.
• Fixed the accept header to correctly indicate AVIF support.

Lockdown Mode

• Fixed common cases of missing glyphs due to custom icon fonts.
• Fixed enumerateDevices may return filtered devices even if page is capturing.
• Fixed MediaRecorder.stop() firing an additional dataavailable event with bytes after MediaRecorder.pause() .
• Fixed duplicate timeupdate events.
• Fixed limiting DOMAudioSession to third-party iframes with microphone access.
• Fixed MSE to not seek with no seekable range.
• Fixed mute microphone capture if capture fails to start because microphone is used by a high priority application.
• Fixed not allowing text selection to start on an HTMLMediaElement.
• Fixed only requiring a transient user activation for Web Audio rendering.
• Fixed screen capture to fail gracefully if the window or screen selection takes too long.
• Fixed switching to alternate <source> element for AirPlay when necessary.
• Fixed the local WebRTC video element pausing after bluetooth audioinput is disconnected.
• Fixed trying to use low latency for WebRTC HEVC encoder when available.
• Fixed unmuting a TikTok video pauses it.
• Fixed WebVTT styles not applied with in-band tracks.
• Ensured negative letter-spacing does not pull content outside of the inline box
• Fixed <div> with border-radius not painted correctly while using jQuery’s .slideToggle() .
• Fixed border-radius clipping on composited layers.
• Fixed box-shadow to paint correctly on inline elements.
• Fixed box-shadow invalidation on inline boxes.
• Fixed calculating the width of an inline text box using simplified measuring to handle fonts with Zero Width Joiner , Zero Width Non-Joner , or Zero Width No-Break Space .
• Fixed clearing floats added dynamically to previous siblings.
• Fixed clipping the source image when the source rectangle is outside of the source image in canvas.
• Fixed CSS keyframes names to not allow CSS wide keywords.
• Fixed elements with negative margins not avoiding floats when appropriate.
• Fixed floating boxes overlapping with their margin boxes.
• Fixed HTMLImageElement width and height to update layout to return styled dimensions not the image attributes.
• Fixed ignoring nowrap on <td nowrap="nowrap"> when an absolute width is specified.
• Fixed incorrect clipping when a layer is present between the column and the content layer.
• Fixed incorrect static position of absolute positioned elements inside relative positioned containers.
• Fixed layout for fixed position elements relative to a transformed container.
• Fixed layout overflow rectangle overflows interfering with the scrollbar.
• Fixed negative shadow repaint issue.
• Fixed preventing a focus ring from being painted for anonymous block continuations.
• Fixed recalculating intrinsic widths in the old containing block chain when an object goes out of flow.
• Fixed rendering extreme border-radius values.
• Fixed specified hue interpolation method for hues less than 0 or greater than 360.
• Fixed tab handling in right-to-left editing.
• Fixed text selection on flex and grid box items.
• Fixed the position and thickness of underlines to be device pixel aligned.
• Fixed transforms for table sections.
• Fixed transition ellipsis box from “being a display box on the line” to “being an attachment” of the line box.
• Fixed unexpected overlapping selection with tab in right-to-left context.
• Fixed updating table rows during simplified layout.
• Fixed: improved balancing for border, padding, and empty block content.
• Extensions that request the unlimitedStorage permission no longer need to also request storage .
• Fixed browser.declarativeNetRequest namespace is now available when an extension has the declarativeNetRequestWithHostAccess permission.
• Fixed isUrlFilterCaseSensitive declarativeNetRequest rule condition to be false by default.
• Fixed tabs.onUpdated getting called on tabs that were already closed.
• Fixed background service worker failing to import scripts.
• Fixed content scripts not injecting into subframes when extension accesses the page after a navigation.
• Fixed CORS issue when doing fetch requests from a background service worker.
• Fixed declarativeNetRequest errors not appearing correctly in the extension’s pane of Safari Settings.
• Fixed display of extension cookie storage in Web Inspector. Now the extension name is shown instead of a UUID.
• Fixed declarativeNetRequest rules not loading when an extension is turned off and then on.
• Fixed result of getMatchedRules() to match other browsers.
• Fixed browser.webNavigation events firing for hosts where the extension did not have access.
• Removed Keyboard Shortcut conflict warnings for browser.commands when there are multiple commands without keyboard shortcuts assigned.
• Fixed overscroll-behavior: none to prevent overscroll when the page is too small to scroll.
• Fixed <svg:text> to not auto-wrap.
• Fixed preserveAspectRatio to stop accepting defer .
• Fixed SVG.currentScale to only set the page zoom for a standalone SVG.
• Fixed svgElement.setCurrentTime to restrict floats to finite values.
• Fixed applying changes to fill with currentColor to other colors via CSS.
• Fixed changes to the filter property getting ignored.
• Fixed CSS and SVG filters resulting in a low quality, pixelated image.
• Fixed focusability even when tab-to-links is enabled for <svg:a> .
• Fixed handling animation freezes when repeatDur is not a multiple of dur .
• Fixed making sure computed values for baseline-shift CSS property use px unit for lengths.
• Fixed not forcing display: table-cell , display: inline-table , display: table , and float: none on table cell elements when in quirks mode.
• Fixed removing the visual border when the table border attribute is removed.
• Fixed font-optical-sizing: auto having no effect in Safari 16.
• Fixed directionality of the <bdi> and <input> elements to align with HTML specifications.
• Fixed handling an invalid dir attribute to not affect directionality.
• Fixed the default oblique angle from 20deg to 14deg .
• Fixed the handling of <bdo> .
• Fixed the order of how @font-palette-values override-colors are applied.
• Fixed @keyframes rules using an inherit value to update the resolved value when the parent style changes.
• Fixed Animation.commitStyles() triggering a mutation even when the styles are unchanged.
• Fixed Animation.startTime and Animation.currentTime setters support for CSSNumberish values.
• Fixed baseline-shift animation.
• Fixed baselineShift inherited changes.
• Fixed commitStyles() failing to commit a relative line-height value.
• Fixed getKeyframes() serialization of CSS values for an onkeyframe sequence.
• Fixed rotate: x and transform: rotate(x) to yield the same behavior with SVGs.
• Fixed word-spacing to support animating between percentage and fixed values.
• Fixed accounting for non-inherited CSS variables getting interpolated for standard properties on the same element.
• Fixed accumulating and clamping filter values when blending with "none" .
• Fixed accumulation support for the filter property.
• Fixed additivity support for the filter property.
• Fixed animation of color list custom properties with iterationComposite .
• Fixed blend transform when iterationComposite is set to accumulate .
• Fixed blending to account for iterationComposite .
• Fixed Calculating computed keyframes for shorthand properties.
• Fixed composite animations to compute blended additive or accumulative keyframes for in-between keyframes.
• Fixed computing the keyTimes index correctly for discrete values animations.
• Fixed CSS animations participation in the cascade.
• Fixed custom properties to support interpolation with a single keyframe.
• Fixed filter values containing a url() should animate discretely.
• Fixed interpolating custom properties to take iterationComposite into account.
• Fixed jittering when animating a rotated image.
• Fixed keyframes to be recomputed if a custom property registration changes.
• Fixed keyframes to be recomputed if the CSS variable used is changed.
• Fixed keyframes to be recomputed when bolder or lighter is used on a font-weight property.
• Fixed keyframes to be recomputed when a parent element changes value for a custom property set to inherit .
• Fixed keyframes to be recomputed when a parent element changes value for a non-inherited property set to inherit .
• Fixed keyframes to be recomputed when the currentcolor value is used on a custom property.
• Fixed keyframes to be recomputed when the currentcolor value is used.
• Fixed opacity to use unclamped values for from and to keyframes with iterationComposite .
• Fixed running a transition on an inherited CSS variable getting reflected on a standard property using that variable as a value.
• Fixed seamlessly updating the playback rate of an animation.
• Fixed setting iterationComposite should invalidate the effect.
• Fixed setting the transition-property to none does not disassociate the CSS Transition from owning the element.
• Fixed the composite operation of implicit keyframes for CSS Animations to return "replace" .
• Fixed the timing model for updating animations and sending events.
• Fixed updating timing to invalidate the effect.
• Fixed -webkit-user-select: none allowing text to be copied to clipboard.
• Fixed contentEditable caret getting left aligned instead of centered when the :before pseudo-element is used.
• Fixed Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy incorrectly blocking scripts on cache hit.
• Fixed CSSRule.type to not return values greater than 15.
• Fixed document.open() to abort all loads when the document is navigating.
• Fixed document.open() to remove the initial about:blank -ness of the document.
• Fixed Element.querySelectorAll not obeying element scope with ID.
• Fixed FileSystemSyncAccessHandle write operation to be quota protected.
• Fixed getBoundingClientRect() returning the wrong value for <tr> , <td> , and its descendants for a vertical table.
• Fixed HTMLOutputElement.htmlFor to make it settable.
• Fixed queryCommandValue("stylewithcss") to always return an empty string.
• Fixed StorageEvent.initStorageEvent() to align with HTML specifications.
• Fixed textContent leaving dir=auto content in the wrong direction.
• Fixed -webkit-user-select: initial content within -webkit-user-select: none should be copied
• Fixed WorkerGlobalScope.isSecureContext to be based on the owner’s top URL, not the owner’s URL.
• Fixed a bug where mousedown without mouseup in a frame prevents a click event in another frame.
• Fixed a sometimes incorrect location after exiting mouse hover.
• Fixed accepting image/jpg for compatibility.
• Fixed adding a non-breaking space, instead of a plain space, when it is inserted before an empty text node.
• Fixed behavior of nested click event on a label element with a checkbox.
• Fixed BroadcastChannel in a SharedWorker when hosted in a cross-origin iframe.
• Fixed calculation of direction for text form control elements with dir="auto" .
• Fixed canvas fallback content focusability computation.
• Fixed deleting a button element leaving the button’s style in a contenteditable element.
• Fixed disconnected <fieldset> elements sometimes incorrectly matching :valid or :invalid selectors.
• Fixed dragging the mouse over a -webkit-user-select: none node can begin selection in another node.
• Fixed ensuring nested workers get controlled if matching a service worker registration.
• Fixed errors caught and reported for importScripts() .
• Fixed escaping “&” in JavaScript URLs for innerHTML and outerHTML .
• Fixed EventSource to stop allowing trailing data when parsing a retry delay.
• Fixed Fetch Request object to keep its Blob URL alive.
• Fixed filled text on a canvas with a web font refreshing or disappearing.
• Fixed find on page failing to show results in PDFs.
• Fixed firing an error event when link preload fails synchronously.
• Fixed form submissions to cancel JavaScript URL navigations.
• Fixed handing the onerror content attribute on body and frameset elements.
• Fixed handling opaque origin Blob URLs.
• Fixed handling text documents to align to modern HTML specifications.
• Fixed handling the onerror content attribute on <body> and <frameset> elements.
• Fixed HTMLTemplateElement to have a shadowRootMode attribute.
• Fixed including alternate stylesheets in document.styleSheets .
• Fixed incorrect caret movement in some right-to-left contenteditable elements.
• Fixed incorrect color for videos loaded in a canvas.
• Fixed incorrect image srcset candidate chosen for <img> cloned from <template> .
• Fixed incorrectly ignored X-Frame-Options HTTP headers with an empty value.
• Fixed lazy loading images sometimes not loading.
• Fixed link elements to be able to fire more than one load or error event.
• Fixed loading Blob URLs with a fragment from opaque, unique origins.
• Fixed maintaining the original Content-Type header on a 303 HTTP redirect.
• Fixed module scripts to always decode using UTF-8.
• Fixed MouseEventInit to take movementX and movementY .
• Fixed not dispatching a progress event when reading an empty file or blob using the FileReader API.
• Fixed not replacing the current history item when navigating a cross-origin iframe to the same URL.
• Fixed overriding the mimetype for an XHR.
• Fixed parsing of negative age values in CORS prefetch responses.
• Fixed pasting of the first newline into text area.
• Fixed preventing selection for generated counters in ordered lists.
• Fixed Safari frequently using stale cached resources despite using Reload Page From Origin.
• Fixed scheduling a navigation to a Blob URL to keep the URL alive until the navigation occurs.
• Fixed sending Basic authentication via XHR using setRequestHeader() when there is an existing session.
• Fixed setting style="" to destroy the element’s inline style.
• Fixed setting the tabIndex of a non-focusable HTMLElement.
• Fixed system colors not respecting inherited color-scheme values.
• Fixed textarea placeholder text not disappearing when text is inserted without a user gesture.
• Fixed the event.keyIdentifier value for F10 and F11 keys.
• Fixed the click event to not get suppressed on textarea resize.
• Fixed the computed value for the transform property with SkewY .
• Fixed the initialization of color properties.
• Fixed timing of ResizeObserver and IntersectionObserver to match other browsers.
• Fixed toggling a details element when a summary element receives a click() .
• Fixed updating Text node children of an option element to not reset the selection of the select element.
• Fixed using NFC Security Key on iOS.
• Fixed using WebAuthn credentials registered on iOS 15 if iCloud Keychain is disabled.
• Fixed WebAuthn sending Attestation as None when requested as Direct.
• Fixed XHR aborting to align with standards specification
• Fixed XHR error events to return 0 for loaded and total.
• Fixed: Made all FileSystemSyncAccessHandle methods synchronous.
• Fixed: Removed the precision="float" attribute on <input type="range"> .
• Fixed video textures set to repeat.
• Fixed “Inspect Element” not highlighting the element.
• Fixed capturing async stack traces for queueMicrotask .
• Fixed clicking coalesced events in the timeline selecting the wrong event.
• Fixed event breakpoints to support case-insensitive and RegExp matching.
• Fixed slow search with a lot of files in the Open Resource dialog.
• Fixed sorting prefixed properties below non-prefixed properties in the Computed panel of the Elements Tab.
• Fixed the always empty Attributes section in the Node panel of the Elements Tab.
• Fixed the Computed Tab scrolling to the top when a <style> is added to the page.
• Fixed URL breakpoints to also pause when HTML attributes are set that trigger loads.
• Fixed “Get Element Rect” to not round to integer values.
• Fixed automation sessions terminating during navigation.
• Fixed click element failing on iPad when Stage Manager is disabled.
• Fixed HTTP GET requests with a body failing.
• Fixed the Shift modifier key not applying to typed text.

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Making Fullscreen Experiences

We have the ability to easily make immersive fullscreen websites and applications, but like anything on the web there are a couple of ways to do it. This is especially important now that more browsers are supporting an "installed web app" experience which launch fullscreen.

Getting your app or site fullscreen

There are several ways that a user or developer can get a web app fullscreen.

• Request the browser go fullscreen in response to a user gesture.
• Install the app to the home screen.
• Fake it: auto-hide the address bar.

Request the browser go fullscreen in response to a user gesture

Not all platforms are equal . iOS Safari doesn't have a fullscreen API, but we do on Chrome on Android, Firefox, and IE 11+. Most applications you build will use a combination of the JS API and the CSS selectors provided by the fullscreen specification. The main JS API's that you need to care about when building a fullscreen experience are:

• element.requestFullscreen() (currently prefixed in Chrome, Firefox, and IE) displays the element in fullscreen mode.
• document.exitFullscreen() (currently prefixed in Chrome, Firefox and IE. Firefox uses cancelFullScreen() instead) cancels fullscreen mode.
• document.fullscreenElement (currently prefixed in Chrome, Firefox, and IE) returns true if any of the elements are in fullscreen mode.

When your app is fullscreen you no longer have the browser's UI controls available to you. This changes the way that users interact with your experience. They don't have the standard navigation controls such as Forwards and Backwards; they don't have their escape hatch that is the Refresh button. It's important to cater for this scenario. You can use some CSS selectors to help you change the style and presentation of your site when the browser enters fullscreen mode.

The above example is a little contrived; I've hidden all the complexity around the use of vendor prefixes.

The actual code is a lot more complex. Mozilla has created a very useful script that you can use to toggle fullscreen. As you can see, the vendor prefix situation it is complex and cumbersome compared to the specified API. Even with the slightly simplified code below, it is still complex.

We web developers hate complexity. A nice high-level abstract API you can use is Sindre Sorhus' Screenfull.js module which unifies the two slightly different JS API's and vendor prefixes into one consistent API.

Fullscreen API Tips

Making the document fullscreen.

It is natural to think that you take the body element fullscreen, but if you are on a WebKit or Blink based rendering engine you will see it has an odd effect of shrinking the body width to the smallest possible size that will contain all the content. (Mozilla Gecko is fine.)

To fix this, use the document element instead of the body element:

Making a video element fullscreen

To make a video element fullscreen is exactly the same as making any other element fullscreen. You call the requestFullscreen method on the video element.

If your <video> element doesn't have the controls attribute defined, there's no way for the user to control the video once they are fullscreen. The recommended way to do this is to have a basic container that wraps the video and the controls that you want the user to see.

This gives you a lot more flexibility because you can combine the container object with the CSS pseudo selector (for example to hide the "goFS" button.)

Using these patterns, you can detect when fullscreen is running and adapt your user interface appropriately, for example:

• By providing a link back to the start page
• By Providing a mechanism to close dialogs or travel backwards

Launching a page fullscreen from home screen

Launching a fullscreen web page when the user navigates to it is not possible. Browser vendors are very aware that a fullscreen experience on every page load is a huge annoyance, therefore a user gesture is required to enter fullscreen. Vendors do allow users to "install" apps though, and the act of installing is a signal to the operating system that the user wants to launch as an app on the platform.

Across the major mobile platforms it is pretty easy to implement using either meta tags, or manifest files as follows.

Since the launch of the iPhone, users have been able to install Web Apps to the home screen and have them launch as full-screen web apps.

If content is set to yes, the web application runs in full-screen mode; otherwise, it does not. The default behavior is to use Safari to display web content. You can determine whether a webpage is displayed in full-screen mode using the window.navigator.standalone read-only Boolean JavaScript property. Apple

Chrome for Android

The Chrome team has recently implemented a feature that tells the browser to launch the page fullscreen when the user has added it to the home screen. It is similar to the iOS Safari model.

You can set up your web app to have an application shortcut icon added to a device's home screen, and have the app launch in full-screen "app mode" using Chrome for Android's "Add to Home screen" menu item. Google Chrome

A better option is to use the Web App Manifest.

Web App Manifest (Chrome, Opera, Firefox, Samsung)

The Manifest for Web applications is a simple JSON file that gives you, the developer, the ability to control how your app appears to the user in the areas that they would expect to see apps (for example the mobile home screen), direct what the user can launch and, more importantly, how they can launch it. In the future the manifest will give you even more control over your app, but right now we are just focusing on how your app can be launched. Specifically:

• Telling the browser about your manifest
• Describing how to launch

Once you have the manifest created and it is hosted on your site, all you need to do is add a link tag from all your pages that encompass your app, as follows:

Chrome has supported Manifests since version 38 for Android (October 2014) and it gives you the control over how your web app appears when it is installed to the home screen (via the short_name , name and icons properties) and how it should be launched when the user clicks on the launch icon (via start_url , display and orientation ).

An example manifest is shown below. It doesn't show everything that can be in a manifest.

This feature is entirely progressive and allows you create better, more integrated experiences for users of a browser that supports the feature.

When a user adds your site or app to the home screen, there is an intent by the user to treat it like an app. This means you should aim to direct the user to the functionality of your app rather than a product landing page. For example, if the user is required to sign-in to your app, then that is a good page to launch.

Utility apps

The majority of utility apps will benefit from this immediately. For those apps you'll likely want them launched standalone just alike every other app on a mobile platform. To tell an app to launch standalone, add this the Web App Manifest:

The majority of games will benefit from a manifest immediately. The vast majority of games will want to launch full-screen and forced a specific orientation.

If you are developing a vertical scroller or a game like Flappy Birds then you will most likely want your game to always be in portrait mode.

If on the other hand you are building a puzzler or a game like X-Com, then you will probably want the game to always use the landscape orientation.

News sites in most cases are pure content-based experiences. Most developers naturally wouldn't think of adding a manifest to a news site. The manifest will let you define what to launch (the front page of your news site) and how to launch it (fullscreen or as a normal browser tab).

The choice is up to you and how you think your users will like to access your experience. If you want your site to have all the browser chrome that you would expect a site to have, you can set the display to browser .

If you want your news site to feel like the majority of news-centric apps treat their experiences as apps and remove all web-like chrome from the UI, you can do this by setting display to standalone .

Fake it: auto-hide the address bar

You can "fake fullscreen" by auto-hiding the address bar as follows:

This is a pretty simple method, the page loads and the browser bar is told to get out of the way. Unfortunately it is not standardized and not well supported. You also have to work around a bunch of quirks.

For example browsers often restore the position on the page when the user navigates back to it. Using window.scrollTo overrides this, which annoys the user. To work around this you have to store the last position in localStorage, and deal with the edge cases (for example, if the user has the page open in multiple windows).

UX guidelines

When you are building a site that takes advantage of full screen there are a number of potential user experience changes that you need to be aware of to be able to build a service your users will love.

Don't rely on navigation controls

iOS does not have a hardware back button or refresh gesture. Therefore you must ensure that users can navigate throughout the app without getting locked in.

You can detect if you are running in a fullscreen mode or an installed mode easily on all the major platforms.

On iOS you can use the navigator.standalone boolean to see if the user has launched from the home screen or not.

Web App Manifest (Chrome, Opera, Samsung)

When launching as an installed app, Chrome is not running in true fullscreen experience so document.fullscreenElement returns null and the CSS selectors don't work.

When the user requests fullscreen via a gesture on your site, the standard fullscreen API's are available including the CSS pseudo selector that lets you adapt your UI to react to the fullscreen state like the following

If the users launches your site from the home screen the display-mode media query will be set to what was defined in the Web App Manifest. In the case of pure fullscreen it will be:

If the user launches the application in standalone mode, the display-mode media query will be standalone :

When the user requests fullscreen via your site or the user launches the app in fullscreen mode all the standard fullscreen API's are available, including the CSS pseudo selector, which lets you adapt your UI to react to the fullscreen state like the following:

Internet Explorer

In IE the CSS pseudo class lacks a hyphen, but otherwise works similarly to Chrome and Firefox.

Specification

The spelling in the specification matches the syntax used by IE.

Keep the user in the fullscreen experience

The fullscreen API can be a little finicky sometimes. Browser vendors don't want to lock users in a fullscreen page so they have developed mechanisms to break out of fullscreen as soon as they possibly can. This means you can't build a fullscreen website that spans multiple pages because:

• Changing the URL programmatically by using window.location = "http://example.com" breaks out of fullscreen.
• A user clicking on an external link inside your page will exit fullscreen.
• Changing the URL via the navigator.pushState API will also break out of the fullscreen experience.

You have two options if you want to keep the user in a fullscreen experience:

• Use the installable web app mechanisms to go fullscreen.
• Manage your UI and app state using the # fragment.

By using the #syntax to update the url (window.location = "#somestate"), and listening to the window.onhashchange event you can use the browser's own history stack to manage changes in the application state, allow the user to use their hardware back buttons, or offer a simple programmatic back button experience by using the history API as follows:

Let the user choose when to go fullscreen

There is nothing more annoying to the user than a website doing something unexpected. When a user navigates to your site don't try and trick them into fullscreen.

Don't intercept the first touch event and call requestFullscreen() .

• It is annoying.
• Browsers may decided to prompt the user at some point in the future about allowing the app to take up the fullscreen.

If you want to launch apps fullscreen think about using the install experiences for each platform.

Don't spam the user to install your app to a home screen

If you plan on offering a fullscreen experience via the installed app mechanisms be considerate to the user.

• Be discreet. Use a banner or footer to let them know they can install the app.
• If they dismiss the prompt, don't show it again.
• On a users first visit they are unlikely to want to install the app unless they are happy with your service. Consider prompting them to install after a positive interaction on your site.
• If a user visits your site regularly and they don't install the app, they are unlikely to install your app in the future. Don't keep spamming them.

While we don't have a fully standardized and implemented API, using some of the guidance presented in this article you can easily build experiences that take advantage of the user's entire screen, irrespective of the client.

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License , and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License . For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies . Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2016-10-01 UTC.

David Dal Busco

Fullscreen: practical tips and tricks, toggle the fullscreen mode with any browser, a sass mixin for polyfill and hide the mouse on inactivity.

Jun 10, 2020

#javascript #webdev #css #typescript

Photo by Jr Korpa on Unsplash

There are already a dozen of existing tutorial about the Web Fullscreen API , but as I was restyling last Saturday the toolbar for the presenting mode of DeckDeckGo , our editor for presentations, I noticed that I never shared the few useful tricks we have implemented.

• How to implement a toggle for the fullscreen mode compatible with any browser
• Create a Sass mixin to polyfill the fullscreen CSS pseudo-class
• Hide the mouse cursor on inactivity

Toggle Fullscreen Mode With Any Browser

The API exposes two functions to toggle the mode, requestFullscreen() to enter the fullscreen or exitFullscreen() for its contrary.

Even if the methods are well supported across browser, you might notice on Caniuse a small yellow note next to some version number.

Caniuse | Full screen API | Jun 9th 2020

Indeed, currently Safari and older browser’s version, are not compatible with the API without prefixing the functions with their respective, well, prefix. That’s why, if you are looking to implement a cross-browser compatible function, it is worth to add these to your method.

Note that I found the above code in the Google Web Fundamentals .

The :fullscreen CSS pseudo-class (documented here ) is useful to style element according the fullscreen mode.

It is well supported across browser, as displayed by Caniuse , but you might also again notice some limitation, specially when it comes to Safari. That’s why it might be interesting to polyfill the pseudo-class.

Moreover, if many elements have to be tweaked regarding the mode, it might interesting to use Sass and a mixin. That’s why, here is the one we are using.

With its help, you can now declare it once and group all your fullscreen styles.

I have the filling that I did not write this mixin by myself, entirely at least, but I could not figured out anymore where I did find it, as I am using it since a while now. If you are her/his author, let me know. I would be happy to give you the credits!

Hide Mouse Pointer On Inactivity

Do you also notice, when a presenter has her/his presentation displayed in fullscreen, if the mouse cursor is still displayed somewhere on the screen?

I do notice it and I rather like to have it hidden 😆. And with rather like I mean that when I noticed this behavior in DeckDeckGo , I had to develop a solution asap. even if I was spending surf holidays in India (you can check my GitHub commit history, I am not joking, true story 🤣).

In order to detect the inactivity, we listen to the event mousemove . Each time the event is fired, we reset a timer and delay the modification of the style cursor to hide the mouse. Likewise, if we are toggling between fullscreen and normal mode, we proceed with the same function.

I hope that these above tips, we did apply in our editor and developer kit, are going to be useful to someone, somewhere, someday. If you have any questions, ping me with any comments.

Give a try to DeckDeckGo for your next presentation 😇.

To infinity and beyond

DEV Community

Posted on Jan 7, 2021 • Updated on Feb 11, 2021

Display your PWA / website fullscreen

In this short article I will show you how to expand your installed PWA to the full edge of the screen of a mobile device and how to take care of design issues that might occur.

Standalone mode

As soon as the user has added your PWA to the home screen and opened it, it runs in a standalone mode, where e.g. the navigation bar of the browser will disappear and we can produce more app-like designs.

We can detect if the PWA is running in standalone mode inside our application like this:

Because of the platform difference, a more popular approach is to define a start_url inside your manifest.json file, where we can add a parameter that will be added, when the app is started in standalone mode. Then we can check for the parameter inside our application to make changes to our UI.

To display it fullscreen and remove native control elements, we also have to add the display property with the value standalone ( fullscreen won't work). Here's our current manifest:

To display your app fullscreen, we will also have to add a few meta tags.

You might already have a viewport meta tag, but make sure viewport-fit=cover is inside it (separated by ; ):

Then we have to add the mobile-web-app-capable and status-bar-style meta tags:

Note that we can decide, whether the status bar should have a white (default), black or transparent (with white color) background. Take into account that this meta tag is only used when the app starts, so it's app-wide and we can't modify the meta tag later to change the color dynamically.

Because we also want to be able to display content underneath the status bar, we'll use the transparent background ( black-translucent ). This will also shift our app up to the top of the screen.

Now we can produce fancy headers that look like this:

Since we can display content underneath the status bar now, we'll have to make sure that the white text will always be readable (e.g. with a decorative shadow or ensuring dark background colors) and that there will be no interactive elements underneath. Also we might have to take the notch into account, which some newer iOS versions have:

To solve those problems we can utilize the safe-area CSS env variables (supported since iOS >= 11.1 and Chrome >= 69):

As an example, I implemented a sticky navigation bar vue component for my app, which has an element with the top safe-area applied as height. It will be transparent as long as the transparent property is true and the user has not scrolled down. Here's the crucial part of the component:

If you have a question, don't hesitate to leave a comment. Happy coding and designing! 👨🏼‍💻

Top comments (8)

Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use.

• Joined Apr 30, 2021

Thanks for the write up, however this doesn't seem to work in the latest iOS version (14.5). Was wondering if anyone is having this issue or if I'm missing something. Any insight would be appreciate, thanks!

• Location Switzerland
• Work Frontend Developer
• Joined Jul 5, 2017

Which part exactly doesn't work? The black-translucent status bar?

No, referenced firt.dev/ios-14.5/ and ended up using dark-content for the status bar. The issues I am having are:

• Unable to achieve the desire full screen view
• The width seems to be reduced and the height is retained, thereby affecting existing styles.

• Location Italy, bergamo
• Work Junior Developer at Student
• Joined Aug 5, 2020

That's very helpfull! Thanks!

• Joined Apr 28, 2021

Seems black-translucent now is deprecated in iOS 14.5. Refer : t.co/vE0aBdWKKs?amp=1 Are you able to enable it < 14.5?

Deprecated hopefully doesn't mean removed, but can't test it right now. But like your linked article says, it seems like a half baked solution, since there has been no alternative value introduced for black-translucent and there are three values for the same.

• Location Montreal
• Work Designer, Developer, Employer at Ici la Lune inc.
• Joined Mar 5, 2021

Thank you for your post ! This works both for Android and IOS (tested on IOS 14)

window.matchMedia( '(display-mode: standalone)' ).matches

Good to know! Thanks for the testing.

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Fullscreen API

API for allowing content (like a video or canvas element) to take up the entire screen.

• ❌ 4 - 14 : Not supported
• ◐ 15 - 19 : Partial support
• ◐ 20 - 70 : Partial support
• ✅ 71 - 127 : Supported
• ✅ 128 : Supported
• ✅ 129 - 131 : Supported
• ◐ 12 - 18 : Partial support
• ✅ 79 - 127 : Supported
• ❌ 3.1 - 5 : Not supported
• ◐ 5.1 : Partial support
• ◐ 6 - 15.3 : Partial support
• ◐ 15.4 - 16.3 : Partial support
• ✅ 16.4 - 17.5 : Supported
• ✅ 17.6 : Supported
• ✅ 18.0 - TP : Supported
• ❌ 2 - 9 : Not supported
• ◐ 10 - 46 : Partial support
• ◐ 47 - 63 : Partial support
• ✅ 64 - 129 : Supported
• ✅ 130 : Supported
• ✅ 131 - 133 : Supported
• ❌ 9 - 12 : Not supported
• ✅ 12.1 : Supported
• ◐ 15 - 63 : Partial support
• ✅ 64 - 110 : Supported
• ✅ 111 : Supported
• ❌ 5.5 - 10 : Not supported
• ◐ 11 : Partial support

Chrome for Android

Safari on ios.

• ❌ 3.2 - 11.4 : Not supported
• ◐ 12 - 17.5 : Partial support
• ◐ 17.6 : Partial support
• ◐ 18.0 : Partial support

Samsung Internet

• ◐ 4 - 9.2 : Partial support
• ✅ 10.1 - 24 : Supported
• ✅ 25 : Supported
• ❌ all : Not supported

Opera Mobile

• ❌ 10 - 12.1 : Not supported
• ✅ 80 : Supported

UC Browser for Android

• ✅ 15.5 : Supported

Android Browser

• ❌ 2.1 - 4.4.4 : Not supported
• ❌ 128 : Not supported

Firefox for Android

• ✅ 127 : Supported
• ✅ 14.9 : Supported

Baidu Browser

• ✅ 13.52 : Supported

KaiOS Browser

• ✅ 2.5 : Supported
• ✅ 3 : Supported

How to Make the Window Full Screen with Javascript

Making an element in the page to go to a full screen window can be achieved using Javascript Fullscreen API.

Quick Sample Code

Tutorial in detail.

Full-screen can be activated for the whole browser window by pressing the F11 key. It can be exited by pressing the Esc button.

It is also possible to make a specific element in the page to enter and exit full-screen mode programmatically using Javascript Fullscreen API.

This tutorial discusses the methods, properties and events available in the Fullscreen API.

Example of Fullscreen API

Javascript fullscreen api.

The Fullscreen API provides functions to enter and exit full-screen mode, as well as an event to detect full-screen state change.

Also specific CSS can be applied to an element that goes in full-screen mode.

• Element .requestFullscreen function can make an element go to full-screen mode.
• document.exitFullscreen function can exit full-screen.
• document.fullscreenElement property holds the element which is currenly in full-screen.
• fullscreenchange event can detect when element enters and exits full-screen mode.
• fullscreenerror event can detect errors when entering and exiting full-screen mode.
• document.fullscreenEnabled property tells whether full-screen can be enabled in the current page or not.
• :fullscreen and ::backdrop CSS properties handle styling when element enters full-screen.

Going Into Full-Screen

We can request an element in the page to go into full-screen using the Element.requestFullscreen function. Element refers to the DOM element.

This function is asynchronous, and returns a Promise. The Promise is resolved when the element successfully enters full-screen mode. The Promise is rejected if an error occurs.

By default, the browser navigation UI will be hidden in full-screen mode. However it is possible to keep the navigation UI in fullscreen mode also, by using the navigationUI parameter.

navigationUI parameter can have 3 values :

• "hide" : Hide the browser navigation UI
• "show" : Show the browser navigation UI
• "auto" : The default behaviour applied by browser

Exiting Full-Screen

We can exit full screen using the document.exitFullscreen function. Note that this function is not called on the element, but rather the document object.

This also is an asynchronous function, and returns a Promise. The Promise is resolved when the element exits full-screen mode and rejected in case of an error.

Check Which Element is in Full-Screen

We can assign many elements in your page to use full-screen mode. However we might want to know which element is currently being displayed in full-screen mode. document.fullscreenElement is a read-only property that returns the DOM Node of that element.

If the page is not in full-screen mode, null is returned.

Check Whether Full-Screen Activated Currently

To find out whether full-screen is currently activated, we can find the element which is in full-screen. If such an element is found, it means full-screen is activated, otherwise full-screen is deactivated.

Event to Detect Full-Screen State Changes

fullscreenchange event detects change in full-screen mode. This event can be applied to the document or to specific elements.

Check Whether Full-Screen is Allowed in the Page

Sometimes due to restrictions placed, it may not be possible to enter full-screen mode for the current page. The document.fullscreenEnabled property returns a boolean true or false indicating whether full-screen is available or not.

CSS for Elements in Full-Screen

When an element enters full-screen mode, specific CSS styles can be applied to them.

The :fullscreen CSS pseudo class can be used to style elements when they enter full-screen mode.

When an element enters fullscreen, it may have a default black backdrop. The ::backdrop CSS pseudo-element can be used to customize element's backdrop styles.

Browser Compatibility for Full-Screen API

Javascript Full-screen API is available for all major browsers, with some exceptions :

• Safari does not return a Promise when entering and exiting full screen mode.
• Safari does not support ::backdrop CSS.
• Safari does not support :fullscreen CSS. It supports the prefixed non-standard :full-screen CSS.

20+ CSS Fullscreen Menus

Welcome to our updated collection of CSS fullscreen menus for August 2023 . This collection has been carefully curated and hand-picked from various resources such as CodePen, GitHub , and other online platforms. We've added 2 new items to our collection this month, making it even more comprehensive and diverse.

This month, we've added two new CSS fullscreen menu code examples to our collection. These examples showcase innovative design techniques and creative use of CSS properties, providing you with fresh inspiration for your own projects.

Each of these examples comes with the complete HTML and CSS code, allowing you to easily incorporate them into your own projects or use them as a starting point for creating your own custom fullscreen menus.

Fullscreen menus offer a number of advantages over traditional navigation menus. They provide a larger canvas for displaying menu options, making it easier for users to navigate your site, especially on mobile devices. Additionally, fullscreen menus can help to create a more immersive and engaging user experience, drawing users in and encouraging them to explore your site further.

We hope you find this updated collection of CSS fullscreen menus useful and inspiring. Whether you're a seasoned developer or just starting out, these code examples can provide valuable insights into the possibilities of CSS and help you take your web design skills to the next level. Stay tuned for more updates in the coming months!

Related Articles

• jQuery Fullscreen Menus
• kiran raj r
• June 3, 2021
• demo and code

About a code

Simple full screen menu with css.

Compatible browsers: Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Opera, Safari

Responsive: yes

Dependencies: font-awesome.css

• HTML / CSS / JS

Simple Full Screen Menu

• Sthéffane Nunes
• August 20, 2020

Hamburger Menu Full Screen

Dependencies: -

• Zaid (/zɛd/)
• June 20, 2020

Animated Hamburger Menu

Purely made through HTML and CSS.

• Takane Ichinose
• January 14, 2020

Full Page Nav

A concept design of full-page navigation, full of typography, and using icons as large images.

• Ryan Mulligan
• August 13, 2019
• HTML / CSS (SCSS)

CSS Navigation

Click the toggle to open the menu and see the magic. This experiment relies on the only CSS to style, animate and position elements.

• Antonija Šimić
• October 28, 2018

About the code

Sexy fullscreen menu.

Sexy fullscreen menu with sexy links in HTML and CSS.

• Mark Claus Nunes
• July 2, 2018

Hamburger Menu

Pure CSS hamburger menu.

• Erin E. Sullivan
• February 5, 2018

HTML5 and CSS3 Only Simple and Responsive Fullscreen Menu

A simple and responsive fullscreen menu . HTML5 and CSS3 only. No jQuery. IE11 friendly.

• Rune Sejer Hoffmann
• May 28, 2017
• HTML / CSS (SCSS) / JavaScript (Babel)

Fullscreen Menu Concept

One more for the collection, this one includes a custom menu icon. I think the animation became great.

• Brandon Ward
• May 15, 2017
• HTML / CSS (SCSS) / JavaScript

CSS Full Width Menu

Full width menu & SVG animation.

• February 15, 2017

CSS Toggle Menu

• Christopher Mally
• November 1, 2016
• HTML / CSS / JavaScript

Fullscreen Menu

Burger Menu. Mobile Optimized. Modal.

• Akshay Nair
• January 9, 2016

Pure CSS Fullscreen Menu

Pure CSS fullscreen menu concept.

• Paulo César da Conceição Ferreira Junior
• August 14, 2015

Pure CSS3 Menu Fullscreen

Fullscreen menu with transitions and effects with pure CSS3. No Jquery or similars.

• Marcus Bizal
• June 25, 2015

Fullscreen Navigation

Fullscreen navigation with HTML, CSS and JS.

• Jannik Baranczyk
• May 22, 2015
• JavaScript/Babel

Simple fullscreen menu.

• Brenden Palmer
• May 17, 2015
• HTML / CSS (Less)

Fullscreen Navigation Menu

Pure CSS fullscreen navigation menu.

• Matthew Blode
• April 4, 2015
• github page

Burger - Minimal, Fullscreen Navigation

Burger is a minimal hamburger menu with fullscreen navigation .

• Arjan Jassal
• December 16, 2014

Material Design Fullscreen Menu

Material Design fullscreen menu in HTML, CSS and JS. No jQuery used.

Compatible browsers: Firefox, Opera, Safari

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display-mode

The display-mode CSS media feature can be used to test whether a web app is being displayed in a normal browser tab or in some alternative way, such as a standalone app or fullscreen mode.

For example:

• A progressive web app can set its display mode by setting the display member in its manifest. In this case, the value of display-mode identifies the value that was set (but note that this may not be the same as the value requested in the manifest, since a browser may not support the requested mode).
• Any web app can use the Fullscreen API or the Document Picture-in-Picture API to set the display mode, and in this case the value of display-mode identifies the mode that was set.

The display-mode value applies to the top-level browsing context and any child browsing contexts.

The display-mode feature is specified as a keyword value chosen from the list below.

The application opens in a conventional browser tab or new window, depending on the browser and platform.

All of the available display area is used and no user agent chrome is shown. This can be used to apply CSS only when the app has been put in fullscreen mode by the Fullscreen API or by using the fullscreen value of the display member of the Wep App Manifest.

The application will look and feel like a standalone application, but will have a minimal set of UI elements for controlling navigation. The elements will vary by browser.

This mode allows users to continue consuming specific content while they interact with other sites or applications on their device. The app is displayed in a floating and always-on-top window. This can be used to apply CSS only when the app has been put in Picture-in-Picture mode by the Document Picture-in-Picture API .

The application will look and feel like a standalone application. This can include the application having a different window, its own icon in the application launcher, etc. In this mode, the user agent will exclude UI elements for controlling navigation, but can include other UI elements such as a status bar.

In this mode, the application looks and feels like a standalone desktop application, and the Window Controls Overlay feature is enabled.

Apply CSS if the application is in fullscreen mode

Provide a light and dark color scheme to picture-in-picture content.

In this example, we combine the display-mode: picture-in-picture value with the prefers-color-scheme media feature to create light and dark color schemes that are applied based on the user's color scheme preference, only when the app is being shown in Picture-in-Picture mode.

See Using the Document Picture-in-Picture API for more information and a full example.

Specifications

Browser compatibility.

BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. Enable JavaScript to view data.

• Using Media Queries

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